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with的用法分析和總結

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with結構是許多英語複合結構中最常用的一種。學好它對學好複合賓語結構、不定式複合結構、動名詞複合結構和獨立主格結構均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的構成、特點及用法等作一較全面闡述,以幫助同學們掌握這一重要的語法知識。

with的用法分析和總結

  一、 with結構的構成

它是由介詞with或without+複合結構構成,複合結構作介詞with或without的複合賓語,複合賓語中第一部分賓語由名詞或代詞充當,第二部分補足語由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式或分詞充當,分詞可以是現在分詞,也可以是過去分詞。With結構構成方式如下:

1. with或without-名詞/代詞+形容詞;

2. with或without-名詞/代詞+副詞;

3. with或without-名詞/代詞+分詞。

4. with或without-名詞/代詞+介詞短語;

5. with或without-名詞/代詞+動詞不定式;

下面分別舉例:

1、 She came into the room,with her nose red because of cold.(with+名詞+形容詞,作伴隨狀語)

2、 With the meal over , we all went home.(with+名詞+副詞,作時間狀語)

3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名詞+介詞短語,作伴隨狀語。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.

4、He lay in the dark empty house,with not a man ,woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名詞+不定式,作伴隨狀語) He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代詞 +不定式,作條件狀語)

5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名詞+現在分詞 ,作伴隨狀語)

6、Without anything left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat.(without+代詞+過去分詞,作爲原因狀語)

  二、with結構的用法

在句子中with結構多數充當狀語,表示行爲方式,伴隨情況、時間、原因或條件(詳見上述例句)。

With結構在句中也可以作定語。例如:

1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs.

space the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water.

3.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house.

  三、 with結構的特點

1. with結構由介詞with或without+複合結構構成。複合結構中第一部分與第二部分語法上是賓語和賓語補足語關係,而在邏輯上,卻具有主謂關係,也就是說,可以用第一部分作主語,第二部分作謂語,構成一個句子。例如: With him taken care of,we felt quite relieved.(欣慰)→(He was taken good care of.) She fell asleep with the light burning. →(The light was burning.) With her hair gone,there could be no use for them. →(Her hair was gone.)

2. 在with結構中,第一部分爲人稱代詞時,則該用賓格代詞。例如: He could not finish it without me to help him.

  四、 幾點說明:

1. with結構在句子中的位置: with 結構在句中作狀語,表示時間、條件、原因時一般放在句子前面,並用逗號與句子分開;表示方式和伴隨狀況時一般放在句子後面,不用逗號分開。若with結構作定語,則放在所修飾的名詞之後,一般不用逗號隔開。

2. with結構作狀語時,不定式、現在分詞 、和過去分詞的區別: 在with結構中,不定式、現在分詞作賓補,表示主動,但是不定式表示將要發生的動作,而現在分詞表示正在發生或發生了的動作;過去分詞表示被動或完成。

例如: With the boy leading the way,we found he house easily.(小男孩已領過路)

He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut.(寢室被關着)

With the boy to lead the way,we will find the house easily tomorrow.(小男孩明天將領路)

3. with結構與一般的with短語的區別: with結構具有上述功能和特點,而"介詞with+名詞或代詞(組)"組成的一般的with短語在句子中可以作定語和狀語。作狀語時,它能表示動作的方式、原因,但不能表示時間、伴隨和條件。在一般的with短語中,with後面所跟的不是複合結構,也根本沒有邏輯上的主謂關係。

4. with結構與獨立主格結構的關係: with結構屬於獨立主格結構,但在結構上,with結構由介詞with或without引導,名詞前有冠詞、形容詞、所有格代詞或其它詞類所修飾,結構較鬆散;而獨立主格結構沒有with或without引導,結構嚴密,名詞前可用可不用修飾語。在句法功能上,with結構可以作定語,獨立主格結構則不能;獨立主格結構通常在句中作狀語,但也可以作主語,而with結構則不能。

獨立主格在口語中不常用,往往由一個從句代替,而with結構較口語化,較常用。例如:

There were rows of white houses with trees in front of them.("with+複合賓語"結構,在句中作定語)

A strong man working a whole day could not jump this high.(名詞+現在分詞構成的獨立主格結構,作主語)

The boy said,turning to the man,his eyes opened wide and his hand raised.(獨立主格結構,表示伴隨狀況或行爲方式,作狀語)

Then last night,I followed him here,and climbed in,sword in hand.(名詞+介詞短語構成的獨立主格結構,作狀語,表示伴隨情況)


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