新概念英語第三冊語法總結：獨立主格結構

此獨立形式只是一個小短語，而不是主謂完整的簡單句，又稱之爲獨立分詞構句。當分詞意義上的主語不是主句的主語時，必須在分詞前保留意義上的主語，否則語意不通。示例：
Being ill in bed, I can't go to school.
Mother being ill in bed, I can't go to school.

1． 獨立主結構形式可用以表時間，理由，條件，伴隨狀態等。

He lay on the grass, the sun shining upon him.
= He lay on the grass, and the sun was shining upon him.

Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow.
= If weather permits, I'll start tomorrow.

School being over, the boys went home.
= When school was over, the boys went home.

The sun having set, we arrived at the station.
= After the sun had set, we arrived at the station.

王牌重點：當獨立主格結構的主語表示“一般人”，如：we, one, you時，主語可省略，此用法常用於下列表達方式中：
generally speaking 一般來說
strictly speaking 嚴格地說
talking of ... 談到
speaking of ... 說到
judging from ... 由……來判斷
taking all things into consideration 把一切都考慮在內
considering ... 考慮到……

[示例]
If we judge from his face, he must be ill.
= Judging from his face, he must be ill.

He has lots of books if we consider that he is young.
= He has lots of books, considering that he is young.

2．with 複合結構也是獨立主格結構形式之一。這種結構在句中作狀語（表示原因，方式，伴隨等）和定語，作定語時緊隨被修飾名詞後。

(1) with+ 名詞 + 介詞短語
The woman with a baby on her back is my sister.
The boy rushed into the room, with his schoolbag in his hand.

(2) with + 名詞 + adj.
with the door open, he left the classroom.

(3) with + 名詞 + adv.
With the gloves off, she felt cold.
With the lights on, the building looks beautiful.

(4) with + 名詞 + 現在分詞（主動）
     with + 名詞 + 過去分詞（被動）
With the guide leading us, we got to the village.
The boy was crying with the vase broken.

(5) with + 名詞 + 不定式
With the hard work to be done, we have to prepare for it.