其他國家的高考是什麼樣的？你都知道嗎？？

What are the examination systems in other countries?

其他國家的考試製度是什麼？

Australia:

澳大利亞:

Pupils have external exams at 18. These exams act as a certificate of school completion and, depending on grade, entry into tertiary education.

學生在18歲時要參加外部考試。這些考試相當於學校結業證書，並根據年級的不同作爲進入高等教育的證明。

Canada: Alberta

加拿大: 阿爾伯塔

At age 15 pupils’ achievement is tested in 5 subjects: Maths, Science, Social Studies, English and French. This is not a formal leaving certificate but shows which pupils are eligible to attend senior high school. At age 18 pupils can obtain one of the following:

在15歲時，學生需要通過5門科目的測試以獲得成績：數學、科學、社會研究、英語和法語。這不是正式的離校證明，但能表明哪些學生有資格上高中。年滿18歲的學生可以獲得下列其中一項：

• Alberta High School Diploma ;

阿爾伯塔高中文憑；

• Certificate of High School Achievement (for students enrolled in knowledge and employability courses);

高中成績證書（適用於學習知識和就業能力課程的學生）；

• Certificate of Achievement (for students on specific integrated occupational programmes);

成績證書（適用於特定綜合職業課程的學生）；

• Certificate of School Completion (for students with significant cognitive delays).

學校結業證書（適用於有嚴重認知障礙的學生）。

The majority of students receive the High School Diploma.

大多數學生都會獲得高中文憑。

Canada: Ontario

加拿大：安大略

To gain the high school diploma ‐ students must:

要獲得高中文憑，學生必須：

• obtain thirty credits in high school;

在高中獲得30個學分；

• successfully complete compulsory Grade 10 literacy test (students aged 15/16);

成功完成必修的10年級讀寫能力考試（15/16歲的學生）；

• complete 40 hours of community involvement.

完成40個小時的社區服務。

Estonia:

愛沙尼亞：

16 year-olds take three examinations at the end of compulsory education: either Estonian language and literature or Estonian as a second language, Maths and one subject chosen by the student from English, German, Russian as a foreign language, French, biology, chemistry, physics, geography, history, civic studies and Russian language and literature.

16歲的學生在義務教育結束時需要參加三門考試：愛沙尼亞語言和文學或愛沙尼亞語作爲第二語言，數學以及學生從英語、德語、俄語作爲外語、法語、生物、化學、物理、地理、歷史、公民研究、俄語語言和文學中選擇的一門課程。

Upper secondary school pupils (age 19) take a minimum of five upper secondary school final examinations chosen from Estonian, Estonian as a second language, Russian, Russian as a foreign language, civic studies, mathematics, English, German, French, biology, geography, chemistry, history, and physics. At least three of these must be state examinations. The remaining two can be school examinations or state examinations (the latter are integrated with higher educational institution entrance examinations).

高中生（19歲）至少要參加五門高中期末考試，可從愛沙尼亞、愛沙尼亞作爲第二語言、俄語、俄語作爲外語、公民研究、數學、英語、德語、法語、生物、地理、化學、歷史和物理中選擇。其中至少有三門必須參加國家考試。剩下的兩門可以是學校考試或國家考試（後者與高等教育機構的入學考試相結合）。

Finland:

芬蘭：

At age 18 to 19 students usually take the matriculation examination: This comprises at least four tests:

18至19歲的學生通常需要參加入學考試，這至少包括四項考試：

• mother tongue (compulsory)

母語（必修）

• three other compulsory tests from second national language, foreign language, maths, and one test from sciences or humanities

其他三門必修課，包括第二民族語言，外語，數學，以及一項科學或人文學科的考試

• one or more optional tests.

一項或多項可選測試。

France:

法國：

Lower secondary education ends at 15 when pupils take a lower secondary leaving exam, the brevet, which comprises tests French, maths, history/geography and civics education together with continuous assessment from 13-15. After one year of upper secondary education, pupils can leave or continue their education. Those that stay on can choose from a range of Baccalauréate, a technical brevet or vocational certificates.

初中教育在15歲結束後，學生們需要參加初中畢業考試——初中畢業會考，其中包括法語、數學、歷史/地理和公民教育，以及從13到15歲的連續評估。經過一年的高中教育後，學生可以選擇離開或繼續學業。那些留下來的學生可以在一系列文憑、技術證書或職業證書中進行選擇。

Japan:

日本：

No national assessment. Individual institutions arrange assessment at the end of lower secondary education (age 15) which may influence entry to senior high school although entry tests for these are often administered by municipal boards of education. Each local senior high school selects its own pupils under supervision of boards of education and in accordance with individual board’s regulations. National and private upper secondary schools conduct their own entrance exams. Individual institutions issue a Certificate of Upper Secondary Education at age 18. This Certificate is just one of the requirements for entry to higher education.

日本沒有全國性的評估考試。個別機構在初中教育結束時（15歲）會安排評估，這可能會影響高中入學，儘管這些入學考試通常是由市教育委員會管理。每所地方高中在教育委員會的監督下，根據個別委員會的規定選擇自己要錄取的學生。國立和私立高中都有自己的入學考試。個別院校在18歲時頒發高中教育證書，但這一證書只是升學的條件之一。

Korea (South):

韓國：

No national examination on completion of lower secondary phase education. However, students may need to take an entrance exam at age 15+ for some upper secondary schools.

完成初中階段教育後沒有國家考試。然而，對於一些高中，學生可能需要在15歲以上參加入學考試。

At age 18+, pupils receive either a High School Certificate or a Vocational High School Certificate. All students who wish to go to junior college after upper secondary school (high school) have to take the national College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT). CSAT involves written tests in subject domains: Korean; Maths; English; Social studies, science and vocational education (pupils choose 9 tests from a range of options); and a second foreign language.

18歲以上的學生會獲得高中證書或職業高中證書。所有希望在高中畢業後進入大學的學生必須參加全國學院學術能力考試（CSAT）。CSAT包括以下學科領域的筆試：韓語；數學；英語；社會科學、科學和職業教育（學生從一系列選項中選擇9門考試）；以及第二外語。

Higher education institutions announce annually their student admission criteria which include elements such as CSAT score, comprehensive high school records, institution‐administered examinations, interviews, essays and recommendation letters.

高等教育機構每年都會公佈他們的招生標準，其中包括CSAT成績、綜合高中成績、院校管理的考試、面試、作文和推薦信等要素。

The CSAT is currently being revised (applicable from 2014). The pressure on students taking CSAT will be significantly reduced ready for when the college entrance system is changed to one centred on an admissions office system.

CSAT目前正在修訂中（2014年起適用）。學生參加CSAT考試的壓力將大大減輕，這也爲大學招生制度轉變爲以招生辦公室爲中心的制度做好準備。

The Netherlands:

荷蘭：

At age 15, schools assess whether students have acquired the knowledge, understanding and skills described in the attainment targets for basic secondary education (known as the first cycle). Pupils then enter the second cycle which prepares students for specific, differentiated terminal examinations:

在15歲時，學校會評估學生是否獲得了基礎中等教育成就目標（稱爲第一週期）中描述的知識、理解力和技能。然後，學生們進入第二個週期，這一週期中會爲學生們準備具體的、差異化的期末考試：

• VMBO, pre-vocational secondary education qualification: comprises a compulsory common component (Dutch, English, social studies I, physical education and arts I), an optional component, and a sector‐specific component (chosen from: engineering and technology, care and welfare, business or agriculture)

VMBO，職前中等教育資質：包括必修公共部分（荷蘭語、英語、社會研究I、體育和藝術I）、可選部分和特定部門的部分（從工程和技術、護理和福利事業、商業或農業中選擇）。

• HAVO, senior general secondary education qualification: common component as above, specialised components and an optional component chosen from subject combinations: “science and technology”, “science and health” and “economics and society”. As well as terminal exams, pupils have to write a project which is expected to take 80 hours.

HAVO，高級普通中等教育資格：包括如上所述的公共部分、專業部分和從學科組合中選擇的可選部分（“科學與技術”、“科學與健康”和“經濟與社會”）。除了期末考試，學生們還必須完成一個項目，預計需要80個小時。

• VWO, a pre-university qualification: as HAVO but with a greater study load.

VWO，大學預科學歷：；類似HAVO，但學習負擔更重。

New Zealand:

新西蘭:

The National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) is the main qualification at all levels of the senior secondary school. It allows a diverse range of students in an increasingly wide variety of courses in schools to have their achievements recognised and reported. Students completing Year 11 – the final year of compulsory education (age 15/16) obtain credits towards the NCEA. Approved courses are listed in the New Zealand Qualifications Framework (NZQF).

教育評鑑國家級證書（NCEA）是高中各級的主要證書。它允許學校中越來越多不同課程的不同學生的成績得到認可和並獲得報告。完成11年級，即義務教育最後一年（15/16歲）的學生能獲得NCEA的學分。這些批准的課程通常列在新西蘭資格認證框架（NZQF）中。

Students can achieve the NCEA from a wide range of studies within the school curriculum and beyond. Each subject is assessed externally and by internal assessment (externally moderated) using achievement standards developed by education, industry and national standards bodies. These standards are in place for general/academic (school curriculum) subjects and for vocational and technical subjects.

學生可以從學校課程內外的廣泛學習中取得NCEA。每個科目都使用由教育、行業和國家標準機構制定的成績標準進行外部評估和內部評估（外部協調）。這些標準適用於普通/學術（學校課程）科目以及職業和技術科目。

NCEA is intended to be a comprehensive record of what pupils achieve and a ‘launching pad’ for their ongoing learning and future careers. It is standards‐based and complements external assessment with internal assessment in all conventional school subjects at three levels (Level 1 NCEA, Level 2 NCEA, and Level 3 NCEA, broadly equivalent to Year 11, Year 12 and Year 13).

NCEA旨在全面記錄學生的成績，併爲他們持續的學習和未來的職業生涯提供一個“跳板”。它以標準爲基礎，與所有傳統學校三個級別（1級NCEA、2級NCEA和3級NCEA，大致相當於11年級、12年級和13年級）的外部評估和內部評估相輔相成。

USA – Massachusetts:

美國馬薩諸塞州：

No qualification is awarded at the end of compulsory education (age 16). However, one of the requirements for a high school graduation diploma – received on completion of Grade 12 (age 18) is that students pass the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) Grade 10 “competency determination” tests in English, Maths, Science and technology.

義務教育結束時(16歲)不授予任何資格。然而，取得高中畢業文憑(在12年級，即18歲結束時得到)的要求之一是學生必須通過馬薩諸塞州綜合評估系統（MCAS）10年級的英語、數學、科學和技術“能力確定”測試。

18 year olds who complete high school and have passed the MCAS tests are awarded the high school graduation diploma. This is the minimum requirement for US higher education. However, university applicants are also judged on their high school record, courses taken and marks received, teachers’ recommendations and marks in college/higher education admission tests.

完成高中學業並通過MCAS考試的18歲學生將獲得高中畢業證書。這是美國高等教育的最低要求。然而，大學申請者也會根據他們的高中成績、選修的課程和收到的分數、教師的推薦和大學/高等教育入學考試的分數來評判。