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德國諾貝爾文學獎得主格拉斯去世

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Günter Grass, the German author who has died at a clinic in Lübeck aged 87, won the 1999 Nobel Prize for Literature and was known for his critical view of Germany’s Nazi past, developed in imaginative novels including The Tin Drum.

德國作家君特•格拉斯(Günter Grass)在呂貝克(Lübeck)的一家診所去世,享年87歲。他獲得過1999年的諾貝爾文學獎(Nobel Prize for Literature),以批判德國的納粹歷史而聞名,這些批判性觀點在《鐵皮鼓》(The Tin Drum)等富於想象力的小說中都有體現。

Hubert Winkels, the literary editor of German public radio, said that while the postwar years had produced other great writers in Germany, Grass was “unique” in establishing himself as a figure that spanned culture, politics and society.

德國公共廣播電臺文學編輯胡貝特•溫克爾斯(Hubert Winkels)說,雖然戰後德國也出現了其他偉大的作家,但格拉斯“獨一無二的”地方在於,他是一位在文化、政治和社會領域都確立了影響力的人物。

德國諾貝爾文學獎得主格拉斯去世

Mr Winkels told the FT: “He was engaged not only on German but on worldwide issues such as disarmament. Nobody can do this any more. The worlds of culture and politics and so on have become too separate.”

溫克爾斯對英國《金融時報》表示:“他不僅參與德國的事務,而且參與裁軍等全球性議題。再也沒有人能做到這一點。文化世界與政治等其他領域已經非常割裂了。”

His reputation as a moral authority suffered in 2006 when he revealed that he had, as a 17-year-old conscript, served briefly in a tank division of the Waffen SS, a military formation of the Nazi party. Grass had for decades maintained he had only served in flak units.

2006年,格拉斯作爲道德權威的聲譽受到打擊。當時,他透露自己在17歲時曾應徵入伍,在武裝黨衛軍(Waffen SS,納粹領導下的一支軍事部隊)的一個裝甲師短暫服役。此前幾十年裏格拉斯一直堅稱,他只在高炮部隊服役過。

Grass was criticised not so much for joining the Waffen SS, which many young men were forced to do at the end of the second world war, but for preserving his public silence on it for so long. He explained that only late in the day had he found “the literary form” to write about the experience, in a memoir entitled Peeling the Onion.

人們批評格拉斯主要不是因爲他曾加入武裝黨衛軍(二戰快結束時許多小夥子都被強招入伍),而是因爲他在這件事上如此長時間地對公衆保持沉默。他在名爲《剝洋蔥》(Peeling the Onion)的回憶錄中解釋說,他花了很長時間才找到書寫那段經歷的“文學形式”。

His critics charged him with hypocrisy, asking how he could have been so critical of other Germans’ reckoning with the Nazi era when his own was flawed or, at best, incomplete.

格拉斯的批評者指責他虛僞,質問他如何能在自身的反思有缺陷——或者說好聽點,不全面——的情況下,如此激烈地批評其他德國人對納粹時代的反思。

However, the controversy was yesterday largely set aside, with tributes emphasising Grass’s literary achievements. Norbert Lammert, the parliamentary speaker, said: “With Günter Grass we are losing not only one of the most significant writers in the German language but also an engaged citizen who repeatedly took public positions.”

不過,這一爭議昨日基本上未被提及,悼念活動主要強調了格拉斯的文學成就。德國聯邦議院議長諾貝特•拉默特(Norbert Lammert)表示:“君特•格拉斯的辭世讓我們不僅失去了一位極其重要的德語作家,也失去了一位不斷公開表達立場、熱衷參與政治的公民。”

Imre Kertesz, a Hungarian-born ­Jewish writer and Holocaust concentration camp survivor who also won a literature Nobel, said: “We did not deal with the same subjects but we were friends and we had mutual respect.”

生於匈牙利的猶太作家、大屠殺(Holocaust)集中營的倖存者、同爲諾貝爾文學獎得主的凱爾泰斯•伊姆雷(Kertész Imre)說:“雖然我們不曾涉獵同樣的題材,但我們是朋友,我們相互尊重。”

A discordant note was struck in Israel where national radio said Grass had gone too far in his criticism of the Jewish state. In 2012, Grass was banned from visiting the country after publishing a poem called “What Must Be Said”, in which he ­suggested that Israel’s nuclear ­arsenal was a threat to Iran.

但以色列方面卻傳出了一個不和諧的音符,以色列國家廣播電臺表示,格拉斯對這個猶太國家的批評太過頭了。2012年,以色列禁止格拉斯訪問該國,因爲此前他發表了一首題爲《必須說點什麼》(What Must Be Said)的詩,並在其中暗示以色列的核武庫對伊朗構成了威脅。