研究：女性創造力更難被認可

Men are believed to be more creative than women, even if they show equal skill.
就算表現出的能力不相上下，人們還是覺得男性的創造力比女性強。

This is according to a series of studies that found most people associate creativity with 'masculine qualities', such as risk-taking and a sense of adventure.
一系列研究結果發現，大多數人都把創造力和男性特質聯繫起來，比如承擔風險的能力或是冒險精神。

The findings provide a clearer insight into why men tend to get promoted faster than women in a range of professions, the researchers say.
研究人員表示，這些研究結果讓人們可以更明確地洞悉爲什麼在職場中男性比女性晉升得更快。

'Our research shows that beliefs about what it takes to 'think creatively' overlap substantially with the unique content of male stereotypes,' says lead researcher Devon Proudfoot at Duke University.
這項研究的領頭人、美國杜克大學的德文•普勞德富特說：“我們的研究表明，人們對於‘創造性思維’的認知很大方面都和傳統觀念的男性特質相重合。”

In an online study, the researchers randomly assigned 80 participants to read a passage describing a type of creativity.
在第一個實驗中，研究人員在網上隨機指派80名參與者閱讀一篇描述創造力的文章。

They included the ability to 'think outside the box', also known as divergent thinking, or the ability to 'connect the dots', known as convergent thinking.
這篇文章所描述的創造力包括“跳出框框思考”，也稱作發散性思維，以及“將多個點連在一起”的能力，也叫作聚合思維。

After reading the passage, the participants rated how central 16 different personality traits are to creativity.
讀完文章後，參與者對16種不同的人格特質按照他們和創造力的關聯大小進行排序。

As expected, participants associated creativity more with stereotypically masculine traits, including decisiveness, competitiveness, risk-taking, ambition, and daring, than with stereotypically feminine traits like cooperation and understanding.
果不其然，相比傳統觀念中的女性特質（如合作和理解），參與者挑選出的大多都和典型的男性特質相符，包括堅定果斷、爭強好勝、勇於冒險、雄心勃勃以及大膽勇敢。

In a second online study, Proudfoot randomly assigned 169 participants to read about either an architect or a fashion designer; some were told the professional was male and others were told that the professional was female.
在第二個在線實驗中，普勞德富特隨機指派169名參與者閱讀關於一個建築師或一個設計師的資料，一部分人被告知這名專業人士爲男性，另一部分人被告知這名專業人士爲女性。

The participants viewed three images of the person's work and rated the work on its creativity, originality, and outside-the-box thinking.
參與者通過三張照片瞭解這位專業人士的作品，並從創造性、原創性和開創性思考三個方面來給作品打分。

The male architect was judged as more creative than the female architect, despite the fact that their creations were identical.
儘管他們的作品大體相同，但人們還是覺得男性建築師比女性建築師更加富有創造力。

'This result suggests that gender bias in creativity judgments may affect tangible economic outcomes for men and women in the workplace,' the researchers write.
普勞德富特寫道：“研究結果表明，在判斷創造力方面的性別偏見可能會影響男女在職場中實際的經濟收入。

'In suggesting that women are less likely than men to have their creative thinking recognized, our research not only points to a unique reason why women may be passed over for corporate leadership positions, but also suggests why women remain largely absent from elite circles within creative industries,' says Proudfoot.
“研究顯示，女性的創造性思維相比男性更難以得到認可。我們的研究不僅從一個獨特的角度解釋了女性爲什麼會與公司高層職位失之交臂，也解釋了爲什麼創意產業的精英圈子裏難覓女性的身影。