雅思寫作：如何分清正式與非正式英語

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雅思寫作：如何分清正式與非正式英語

一、正式英語

正式英語主要應用於寫作中。這種文體格式通常帶有學術性的寫作口吻，通常見於學術課本，大學論文，商業信函和合同中。

在口語表達方面，正式英語通常只用於官方或正式場合，例如，在大學畢業典禮上正式歡迎來賓。

正式英語比日常用語使用更多的複雜詞彙。例如，正式用語常常比日常對話使用“更龐大”的詞彙。如以下幾個多音節詞compensate， ascend 和 interrogate。 正式用語還常常使用單個動詞(如establish)來代替簡單的短語動詞(如set up)。此外，在正式用語中還要儘量避免俚語和口語的出現。

當正式用語應用於寫作中時，句子通常較長，較爲複雜，也應嚴格遵循語法規則。正式寫作中，通常較爲客觀，經常使用it這樣的非人稱代詞和動詞的被動形式。應該儘量避免縮略語和縮寫單詞的出現。

二、非正式英語和流行英語

非正式英語是大多數人們日常所說的英語。非正式英語廣泛應用於電子郵件和朋友書信中。

使用非正式英語的人們對詞彙的選擇不太在意，如：非正式英語使用很多較短的單詞(如fire， climb和 ask)，使用許多口語詞彙(如stuff， a lot of， thing和 sort of)，還很使用一些短語動詞(如使用set up ，而不用establish)。非正式英語在語法上沒有正式英語要求嚴格，常使用簡單的語法結構和比較鬆散的句子或短語。

在寫作中，非正式英語比正式英語常常使用更加個人化的文體，常用第一，第二人稱(例如I ，you， we)。縮寫單詞(如常常使用it's，而不是 it is)也常常見於非正式英語之中。而且，非正式英語比正式的寫作句式通常更短。在正式英語寫作中，常常使用較爲正式的標點符號---而避免分號(;)和冒 號(：)的出現，非正式英語則可以出現。　　流行英語很少應用於寫作中，大多是用於口語之中。非正式英語中包括大量的俚語。俚語就是一些非正式的，在禮節性的演講和正式場合常常被看作不合適的單詞或短語表達。俚語常常由固定的社會團體或職業人羣使用。

三、關於短語動詞

人們使用非正式英語談話或寫作時，經常使用短語動詞(也叫做多個單詞或多部分動詞)。以下是幾組例子。括號中是其對應的正式用語。　　短語動詞和其對應的單個動詞

要求ask for (request)訂約go down with (contract)

建立set up (establish)處理deal with (handle)　　發現find out (discover)欺騙take in (deceive)

短語動詞在口語中較爲常見。然而，比起其對應的單個動詞不太正式。

在正式寫作中，作者常常更傾向於使用單個動詞，例如 examine和devise，而不使用短語動詞，如look at 和come up with。請對比下頁表格中的每對動詞。　　雖然在正式英語中，傾向於使用較短的短語動詞，但是如果真的使用了這些短於動詞句子也不爲錯誤。然而，如果有比短語動詞更爲簡短的單個動詞，最好使用單個動詞。

不要認爲在雅思寫作考試中使用多個短語動詞會使文章不太正式。實際上，在許多情景之中---甚至是在非常正式的文體中---短語動詞依然是確切表達文章主旨的方式。例如，put on 比起其更加正式的用語don來說，更加自然貼切。

四、非正式用語較正式用語

他調查了(checked up on)他的會計。他調查了(investigated)他的會計。

他們容忍了( put up with)鄰居們。他們容忍了( tolerated)鄰居們。

她很快就理解了(caught on)。她很快就理解了(understood )。

爲了彌補(made up for)它，她早早的睡了。爲了彌補(compensated)它，她早早的睡了。

他發燒了( went down with)。他發燒了 (contracted )。

生活費上升了(went up)。生活費上升了(contracted)。

五、辨別不同

通常很容易的決定一個詞是正式用語還是非正式用語。非正式用語就是人們每天使用的那些共同的，普通和熟悉的詞，而正式用語則是更加“嚴肅”和較少常用的單詞。 通常，正式詞比非正式用語較長。單個動詞比它們所對應的短語動詞也較爲正式。

例如，稱某件東西是極大的enormous是正式的，但是要說whopping是不非正式的。象一方面on the one hand 或如上所示 as indicated above，這樣的詞組是正式的，但是，如順便說一句by the way 或那提醒我that reminds me就是非正式的。

請注意：一些非正式單詞比其他一些非正式的單詞更爲正式。例如，非正式用語understand，比非正式用語get更爲正式。然而，二者均不如正式用語comprehend更加正式。

六、雅思考試使用半正式文體格式

學術文章可以使用“中間的或稍正式的文體格式”。這就意味您雅思學術文章寫作中可以使用稍加正式的詞彙 (例如 ，可以使用spark off 而不用 cause 這樣的短語動詞)，還可以使用更加正式的用語。可以使用正式英語中常常使用的複雜語法，也可以使用更加簡單的語法結構。

但是，越使用正式詞彙和更復雜的語法結構，雅思的考試得分就會越高。，例如，在詞彙方面，評分標準之一就是---當使用“不太普通”或“不普通”的 詞彙，也就是使用較正式的詞彙時，考生就會得到較高的分數。考生可以登錄一下網址 來查看詳細的評分標準。

這是我對參加雅思學術寫作考試的考生在使用詞彙方面的幾點建議：

如果使用一個更加正式的單個動詞，比其相對應的短語動詞聽起來更加貼切自然，最好使用正式的單個單詞。

避免使用個人化的或會話樣式的文體格式(聽起來好像正同考官聊天)。因此，儘量不要使用詞，如I， me， my， you， we， us 和 our這樣的單詞。雖然這些單詞廣泛應用於非正式用語和口語中，通常認爲在正式的學術性寫作中，這些單詞太過個人化，太過隨意。

如果考生願意，考生可以使用代詞I來發表自己的看法。但是，在開篇和文章結尾使，儘量避免I的出現。這樣，考生就可以避免使自己的文章太過個人化，具有太多的會話風格。

雅思寫作真題：charity organization

Some people believe that charity organizations should give the aid to those who are in great needs, some people think that charity organizations should concentrate on helping people who live in their own country. Discuss both views and give your opinion. (抽象類)

Introduction

Background – theme – view

Charity organization

什麼是慈善組織，它的目的是什麼，它的作用是什麼，什麼時候會出現對於慈善組織的討論?

When people suffer some natural disasters and are confronted with difficulties, they may expect the aid from others, especially charity organizations. However, there is an opinion that charity organizations should help people of their own country instead of giving aid to whoever in need. From my perspective, the aid should be given to those in need regardless of their nationality.

Natural disasters, war or social turmoil, all these factors may render people fall into poverty and diseases. The rise of charity organizations is associated with the emergence of these disasters. They relieve people from great sufferings and give people in need hope of survival. However, there is an opinion that aid from charities should only be given to people living in their countries while others think that charity should benefit all people. I tend to believe the latter is of more justification.

Body 1: why we should give help to those in great needs? What is the responsibility of charity organizations?

To help those in great needs is a reflection of moral obligation/duty for human beings.(意義) And this practice of helping others will have numerous/many positive effects involving/including promoting economic development and enhancing social harmony. (影響和作用)Meanwhile, the aid from charity organizations may cover a wide range of people and may be more transparent. However, there are some disadvantages of charity organizations. The money donated by charity organizations may be taken away by local officials and cannot reach those who are really in need. What’s more, charity organizations tend to give aid to those areas which are frequently reported by the media. This will cause regional imbalance or even regional conflict.

Body 2: whether aid from charities should only be given to local people?

As for those who advocate that aid for charity organization should be given to people living in their own country, I hold conservative attitude. There is no denying that it is more effective for charity organizations to give aid to local people. However, how to

ensure fairness/equality among different peoples is the priority for charities. Fair distribution of resources and aid is an objective reflection of human virtues. (反證)If every individual or every organization just focus on their own interest, the world will become indifferent and unfriendly.

In conclusion, charity organization should give aid to people who are in great need without considering their social background, their nationality and something irrelevant. However, the aid should be supervised and monitored by some independent organizations for fear of corruption or embezzlement. / However, the aid should be controlled or supervised by some dependent organizations so that it can reach the targeted people.

雅思寫作：Environmental Protection

Environmental hazards are often too great for particular countries or individuals to tackle. We have arrived at a point in time where the only way to lessen environmental problems is at an international level.

Environmental problems have reached such proportions that people feel international organizations must be set up to intervene in world affairs to resolve these problems. Whether this will resolve the problem is very unlikely as international organizations are just an extension of human behavior. That is, if human conflicts cannot be resolved at home, then they are unlikely to be resolved at the international level. Nevertheless, international organizations do attract attention to the growing problem of aims of the international community to resolve the issue of environmental pollution and support their cause, I do not believe it is the best or only way to protect the environment; in fact, it is only a small part of what is needed in a global initiative.

All world problems, whether it is environmental pollution, war, energy insufficiency, or famine, arise from the abusive behavior of all individuals. Therefore, the solution to all these problems is the need for a collective consciousness. What is meant by this is that each individual must be aware of the impact he or she has on the world and their unique part to play in this world. After all, if one is happy with his life, he will surely not endeavor to harm the environment or anyone else. His behavior will be that of a responsible individual.

What is needed, therefore, is education. Education is the key to all problems and it starts from pregnancy all the way to adulthood and beyond. Furthermore, education means that children all over the world should be allowed to go to schools with good teachers and where teaching materials and methods can be adapted to each individual. Education means raising children to be responsible individuals.

This may sound like utopia, but it is not: if a country had important problems in its educational system, then it should realize that it is contributing to the world’s problems. These are perhaps long term solutions, but they are more realistic solutions than setting up yet another international organization.

雅思寫作範文Tourism

Pros and Cons of Tourism

Pros:

1. It is regarded as a pillar of key local economic development.

2. The booming tourist industry has created more job openings. Many people have said good-bye to poverty through involvement in tourist businesses.

3. The tourist industry has played a positive role in meeting the cultural needs of the public, carrying forward national culture and achieving the sustainable development of resources.

4. Tourism helps to better introduce the country to foreigners and showcase the brilliant history and culture to the outside world.

5. Tourism helps to improve the investment environment so as to attract more foreign investors.

6. Tourists can take pleasure in the magnificent natural landscape, appreciate the superior workmanship of ancient artists and enjoy a variety of local delicacies (specialties). Many tourist attractions offer a wealth of historical relics, fascinating scenery and interesting local culture.

7. Tourism helps to promote the catering trade, transportation service and commerce.

8. Tourism is the world’s largest and faster growing industry. According to recent statistics, tourism provides 10 percent of the world’s income and employs almost one-tenth of world’s workforce. By the year 2010, these numbers will double. All considered, tourism’s actual and potential economic impact is astounding.

9. Tourism encourages the preservation of identify, pride and value in our living conditions and the cultural legacy of generations in danger of extinction.

10. Tourism contributes to the revival of customs and traditions.

11. Tourism brings new money into an area and generates jobs, income and tax revenues.

Cons:

1. Contact with and assimilation of other cultures will reduce the uniqueness of one’s own culture and make the world less colorful than before.

2. Undermine local traditions and ways of life.

3. Tourism may cause serious environmental pollution.