中英雙語話歷史 第40期:三國(漢末亂世)
The end of the Han Dynasty was followed by a long period of disunity and constant civil wars between eunuch and relatives of the emperor’s wife. The leaders of the kingdoms strove to reunite the empire and therefore massacre of kilLing greatly weakened the governing of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In 184, the prevailing peasants uprising, led by Zhang Jiao and his two brothers known as the Yellow Turban uprising, was broken out.
公元184年，中國大地上爆發了以張角三兄弟為首的、規模空前的農民起義。To suppress the uprising ,the Eastern Han sovereign had to give power to the local lords and admitted and supported nonpublically the local militias to fight against the outlaws.
東漢政府為了鎮壓黃巾起義，一方面放權到洲牧、太守，一方面預設並支援地主階層組織私人武裝，對抗起義軍。
After a year of war, the Yellow Turban uprising was defeated.
經過近一年的較量，基本上把黃巾軍鎮壓下來。However, the various local feudal lords ended up with strong political and military strength. In addition, for fearing of that they might lose their local control, these local lords united and elected the capable and celebrated lord their leader, therefore the Eastern Han authoriy was severely shaken and became virtually a puppet one.
但是經過黃巾起義，東漢政府已經搖搖欲墜，各洲牧、太守紛紛擁兵自重，地方豪強為了共同利益，形成利益共同體，並推舉德高望重或有能力的人當統帥，東漢政權已經名存實亡。In 189 Liu Bian came into the power after the death of Ling Emperor, his father.
公元189年，靈帝亡，劉辯即位，宦官和外戚展開新一輪權力爭奪。In order to seize the power, the minister He Jin accepted the advice from Yuan Shao to plot Dong Zhuo, a prominent warlord then intruding into the capital Luoyang under the name of eliminating the control of eunuch. When Dong Zhuo led his army forward to deal with the disorders, the power of the imperial government was ended.
為了在權力爭奪中取得決定性勝利，何進聽取袁紹建議,徵調四方猛將、英雄豪傑率兵入京，造成董卓亂政。On 28 September, Dong Zhuo deposed the young emperor Liu Bian and placed his half-brother Liu Xie, Emperor Xian, upon the throne.
同年9月28日，董卓以誅宦官為名，進入洛陽，廢劉辯，立其堂兄劉協為帝，即漢獻帝。Within a few weeks there was open rebellion against Dong Zhuo the whole country was in the chaos situation of civil wars again.
幾周後，士族豪強袁紹起兵討董卓，一時間全國又陷人內戰混亂之中。In 191 the army of Sun Jian, under the command of Yuan Shu, drove Dong Zhuo from Luoyang west to Chang, an, and in 192 Dong Zhuo was assassinated by his former body-guard Lu Bu.
公元191年，袁術的部將孫堅起兵將董卓逐出洛陽，董卓逃至西安。公元192年董卓被其護衛呂布所殺。The central government fell into complete disorder and played no further part in the affairs of the rest of the empire, and the alliance in the east broke up into anarchy of warfare across the whole of the plain.
中央政府陷入混亂,東漢政權盡失，亂世正式來臨。在中原大地上軍閥混戰一片。Leaders of the rebels in the east included Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu, ruled the four states of You, Qing, ji, Bing (now the areas of Hebei province) who controlled a network of influence based on the high official status of their family and their land property, and men such as Cao Cao, controlled the middle and lower Huanghe River valley, not so well regarded, but with sufficient resources of family property to raise his own private army.
在起兵伐董卓的軍閥中，東有袁紹、袁術以家族的高位和殷實的財產成為實力最大的一方，據有冀、青、幽、並四州（現河北境內），曹操也憑著實力招兵買馬，擁有自己的兵力，屯據黃河中下游一帶。Many of the regular officials of the provinces were reluctant to break the peace, but the local pressure was overwhelming, and those who did not join the rebels were swiftly eliminated. And there were, of course, some fighting men and adventurers, some of them with pretensions to an official position, took advantage of the growing turmoil to seek power and profit on their own initiative.
當地的其他軍閥雖無心破壞和平的時局，但迫於地方軍閥的壓力而加入紛爭，以求自保或從亂世中漁利。
