低效的學習習慣如何改變？

1.  Taking Linear notes 無結構筆記

Linear notes are lecture notes that students take when they attempt to write down every word of a lecture. Linear notes occur when a student tries to write every word a lecturer says in sequence, like writing a rambling essay with no paragraphs.

無結構的筆記是指學生在聽講座的時候試圖記下授課者說的每個字。這樣的筆記非常散亂，就像寫文章沒有段落一樣。

You must revisit your linear notes and make relationships from one section to another. You should draw arrows from one related word or concept to another, and make a lot of notes and examples in the margins.

你必須重新閱讀筆記，並且找到各部分之間的關係。可以在相關的概念之間畫箭頭連接，或者在筆記本邊緣做適當的標註。

Solution: To reinforce information and to make it sink in, you must also recreate all your class notes in another form. You have to revisit the information and put it all into a chart or shrinking outline.

解決方法：爲了牢固記憶知識，你需要用另外的方式重新構建你的課堂筆記。你必須重新梳理信息整理成表格或者框架的形式。[/cn]

Right before every  new lecture, you should review your notes from days past and predict the next day’s material. You should reflect and make relationships between key concepts before you sit down for  a new lecture.

[cn]在每堂課開始前，你可以回顧上堂課的筆記，回憶重點的概念和概念之間的聯繫，並且預測下一天的內容。

2.  Highlighting the book 標記書本

Reckless highlighting is the root cause for many bad test grades!

魯莽的標記書本可能是取得不滿意成績的根源。

Highlighting does make important information stand out on a page, but that doesn’t do you  much good if you don’t follow up with some meaningful active with that information. Reading highlighted words again and again is not active enough.

標記確實可以突出部分信息。但對於這些信息，只是一遍遍地閱讀是不夠的。需要進行更深入的學習。

Solution: Use the information you highlight to create a practice exam. Put highlighted words onto flashcards and practice until you know every term and concept.

解決方法：將標記的詞語組成練習測試。將標記的詞彙寫在抽認卡上做練習，直到你記住每個詞語和術語的含義。

You should also develop a color-coded highlighting strategy. Highlight new words in one color and new concepts in another, for example. You could also highlight separate topics according to a color code for more impact.

你應該形成一套標記使用的顏色排序。比如：新詞使用一種顏色，新的概念使用一種顏色。你可以根據顏色的編碼來判斷詞語的歸類。

3.  Rewriting notes 重寫筆記

Students rewrite notes under the assumption that repetition is good for memorization. Repetition is valuable as a first step, but it’s not that effective all alone.

一些學生認爲重寫筆記有利於記憶。重寫筆記作爲第一步是有效的，但是僅僅這樣是不夠的。

You should rewrite your notes in the shrinking outline method, but follow up with self-testing methods.

你可以採用框架的形式重寫筆記，並在重寫之後進行自我測試。

Solution: Switch class notes with a classmate and create a practice exam from his/her notes. Exchange practice exams to test each other. Repeat this process a few times until you are comfortable with the material.

解決方法：與同學交換課堂筆記，並且通過筆記設計測試題目。互相交換設計的試題來進行測試。重複這個過程直到你掌握知識。

4.  Rereading the chapter 重新閱讀章節

Students are often encouraged to re-read a chapter on the night before an exam to reinforce what they’ve learned. Rereading is a good tactic as a last step.

學生經常被鼓勵在考試前重新閱讀章節的內容來鞏固所學的知識。但重新閱讀章節作爲最後一個步驟可能更爲有效。

Solution: Make sure to use active steps like charts, shrinking outlines, and practice tests and follow up with rereading your chapter.

解決方法：你可以在重新閱讀章節之前採取其他的學習方式：例如圖表學習、框架學習和測試訓練等。

5.  Memorizing definitions 記憶定義

Students spend a lot of time using flashcards to memorize definitions. This is a good study method, as long as it’s a first step in the process of learning. As students progress through the grade levels, they are expected to progress in cognitive skills.

很多學生常常花費很多時間來使用抽認卡記憶定義。這是個不錯的學習方法，但更適合作爲學習的第一步，隨着對知識的深入理解。學生更希望提高認知技能而不僅僅停留在定義的理解上。

Solution: Once you have memorized the definitions of your terms, give yourself a short essay practice test. Make sure you are able to define a term and explain why it is significant. Be able to compare and contrast your term to something or someone of similar significance.

解決方法：一旦你記住了術語的定義，給自己做一個測試。確定你可以解釋術語的定義和術語的定義並且對相近的術語（某事或某人）做出對比比較。

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