高一英語語法重點及練習
一.各種時態的被動語態
被動語態概述
被動語態的概念：它是動詞的一種形式，表示主語與謂語之間的執行或被執行關係。主動語態表示主語是謂語動作的執行者，例如：They saw the little boy crying by the river.被動語態表示主語是謂語動作的承受者，例如：The little boy was seen crying by the river.
被動語態的構成
被動語態的形式是由“助動詞be+動詞的過去分詞”構成。助動詞be隨着主語的人稱、數、時態等的不同而變化。幾種常見時態的被動語態形式如下：
1.一般現在時 am/is/are +過去分詞
例如：Rice is planted in the south of China.
2.一般過去時 was/were +過去分詞
例如：These trees were planted the year before last.
3.一般將來時 will/shall + be +過去分詞
例如：A sports meeting will be held next week in our school.
4.現在進行時 am/is/are + being +過去分詞
例如：Your radio is being repaired now.
5.過去進行時 was/were + being +過去分詞
When he got there， the problem was being discussed.
6.現在完成時 have/has + been +過去分詞
His work has been finished.
Has his work been finished? Yes， it has. / No， it hasn’t.
7.過去完成時 had + been +過去分詞
注意：
1.除了be之外的其它系動詞如get， stay等也可以和過去分詞構成被動語態。例如：Their questions haven’t got answered.
2.含有情態動詞的謂語變成被動語態使用“情態動詞+ be +過去分詞”結構。例如：
More attention should be paid to the old in this country.
This work can’t be done until Mr. Black comes.
3.含有“be going to”， “be to”等結構的謂語，其被動語態分別用“be going to + be +過去分詞”和“be to + be +過去分詞”。例如：
The problem is going to be discussed at the next meeting.
All these books are to be taken to the library.
4.被動語態與系表結構的區別：“連繫動詞+用作表語的過去分詞”構成的系表結構，與被動語態的形式完全一樣，所以應注意它們的區別。被動語態中的過去分詞是動詞，多強調動作;系表結構中的過去分詞相當於形容詞，多強調狀態。前者通常可用by 引出動作的執行者，而後者則不可以。例如：
The map was changed by someone.(被動結構)
That custom remained unchanged for many centuries.(系表結構)
系表結構中的過去分詞通常可被very修飾，被動語態中的過去分詞往往要用much修飾。
例如：
He was very excited.(系表結構)
He was much excited by her words.(被動結構)
5.主動形式表被動意義。有些動詞的主動形式有被動意味，如 open， read， sell， shut， wash， wear， write等。此時句子的主語一般是物。例如：
These books sell well.這些書很暢銷。
The door won’t shut.這門關不上。
The clothes wash well.這些衣服很好洗。
二.直接引語和間接引語
(一)直接引述別人的原話，叫做直接引語;用自己話轉述別人的話，叫做間接引語。間接引語一般構成賓語從句。直接引語必須放在引號內，間接引語則不用引號。直接引語改爲間接引語時，除將引語部分變成賓語從句外，還必須對直接引語中的人稱、時態、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等進行改變。
1.時態的變化：直接引語變爲間接引語時，通常受轉述動詞said， asked等的影響而使用過去化的時態，即把原來的時態向過去推，也就是一般現在時變爲一般過去時，現在進行時變爲過去進行時，等等。例如：
Tom said to me，“My brother is doing his homework.”
→Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework.
2.人稱代詞、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等等的變化：根據意義進行相應的變化，例如：
She asked Jack，“Where have you been?”
→She asked Jack where he had been.
He said，“These books are mine.”
→He said that those books were his.
(二)直接引語改爲間接引語時，都使用陳述語序，但是因爲原句的句式不同，所以變成間接引語時所用的連詞會有所不同。直接引語如果是一般疑問句，用連接詞whether或if;如果是特殊疑問句，則用疑問詞引導間接引語。轉述的動詞一般用asked，可以在其後加上一個間接賓語me， him， her， us等。如：
She said，“Is your father at home?”
→She asked me if/whether my father was at home.
“What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me.
→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday.
直接引語如果是祈使句，改爲間接引語時，要將祈使句的動詞原形變爲帶to的不定式，並在不定式的前面根據原句的語氣(即請求或命令)加上ask， tell， order等動詞，如果祈使句爲否定式，則在不定式前加not。其句型爲：ask / tell / order someone (not) to do something.例如：
She said to us，“Please sit down.”
→She asked us to sit down.
He said to him，“Go away!”
→He ordered him to go away.
He said， “Don’t make so much noise， boys.”
→He told the boys not to make so much noise.
三. 語法練習
1. No permission has ___ for anybody to enter the building.
A. been given B. given C. to give D. be giving
2. I ___ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given
3. The police found that the house ___ and a lot of things ___.
A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen
C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen
4. —Have you moved into the new house?
—Not yet， the rooms ___.
A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting
5. As we joined the big crowd I got ___ from my friends.
A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed
6. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ___ by the hour.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
7. Great changes ___ in the city， and a lot of factories ___.
A. have been taken place， have been set up
B. have taken place， have been set up
C. have taken place， have set up
D. were taken place， were set up
8. The suit’s finished， ___ it?
A. doesn’t B. isn’t C. hasn’t D. has
9. The surface of the table ___ smooth enough.
A. doesn’t feel B. hasn’t felt C. isn’t feeling D. isn’t felt
10. Such plants never ___ in this part of the world.
A. have grown B. are growing C. grow D. are grown
11. These kinds of shoes ___ well.
A. were not sold B. won’t be sold C. are not sold D. don’t sell
12. Text books ___ to come in time.
A. require B. required C. are required D. are requiring
13. When the speaker entered the hall， all the listeners ___.
A. had seated B. were seated C. seated D. were seating
14. Don’t get that ink on your shirt， for it ___.
A. won’t wash out B. won’t be washing C. isn’t washing out D. doesn’t wash out
15. Tom ___ to work in the office though he didn’t like serving there.
A. wanted B. was wanted C. was wanting D. had wanted
16. He said he wouldn’t mind ___ at home.
A. leaving alone B. being left alone C. to be left lonely D. to leave alone
17. Tom was said to ___ Mary for 40 years.
A. have been married to B. have married with
C. has been married D. had married with
18. The TV play ___ last night.
A. was tired out me B. tired out me C. was tired me out D. tired me out
19. I remember ___ for the job， but I forget the exact amount.
A. to be paid B. being paid C. to pay D. paying
20. In front of the hall color flags were ___.
A. hunged B. hanged C. hang D. hanging
語法練習答案：
1-10： ABDAA CBBAC 11-20： DCBAB BADBD
