英語中的非謂語動詞
在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞，叫做非謂語動詞。接下來，小編給大家準備了英語中的非謂語動詞,歡迎大家參考與借鑑。
在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞，叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式(the Infinitive);動名詞(the Gerund);現在分詞(the Present Participle);過去分詞(the Past Participle)。
一、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞
1.相同點：
(1)如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
(2)都可以被狀語修飾：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
(3)都有主動與被動, “體”式(一般式;進行式;完成式)的變化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.(謂語動詞被動語態)
He avoided being punished by his parents.(動名詞的被動式)
We have written the composition.(謂語動詞的完成時)
Having written the composition, we handed it in.(現在分詞的完成式)
(4)都可以有邏輯主語
They started the work at once.(謂語動詞的邏輯主語)
The boss ordered them to start the work.(動詞不定式的邏輯主語)
We are League members.(謂語動詞的主語)
We being League member, the work was well done. (現在分詞的邏輯主語)
2、不同點：
(1)非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用(如動詞不定式和動名詞)，在句中做主語、賓語、表語。
(2)非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞)，在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。
(3)非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞)，在句中作狀語。
二、非謂語動詞用法：
(一)動詞不定式：(to)+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特徵。
1.不定式的形式：
否定式：not + (to) do
(1)一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之後，
例如：
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
(2)進行式：不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生，例如：
The boy pretended2 to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3)完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2.不定式的句法功能：
(1)作主語：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means3 failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用it作形式主語，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
(2)作表語：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
(3)作賓語：
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend1, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)後面有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語(不定式)後置，放在賓語補足語後面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作賓語補足語：
在複合賓語中，動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語，如下動詞常跟這種複合賓語：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit4, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介詞有時也與這種複合賓語連用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改爲被動語態時，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
(5)作定語：
動詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞後。與所修飾名詞有如下關係：
①動賓關係：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式爲不及物動詞時，所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等，應有必要的介詞，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者，不定式可用主動式也可用被動式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②說明所修飾名詞的內容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：
He is the first to get here.
(6)作狀語：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強調：
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
(7)作獨立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
(8)不定式的省略：保留to省略do動詞。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
(9)不定式的並列：第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
(二)動名詞：
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵，又具有名詞的句法功能。
1.動名詞的形式：
否定式：not + 動名詞
(1)一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼見爲實。
(2)被動式：
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。
(3)完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
(4)完成被動式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
(5)否定式：not + 動名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。
(6)複合結構：物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+ 動名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2.動名詞的句法功能：
(1)作主語：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
(2)作表語：
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產卵。
(3)作賓語：
They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted5.
我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個例句。此外，動名詞作賓語時，若跟有賓語補足語，則常用形式賓語it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay6, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承認)，deny(否認), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒險), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged7 in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定語：
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有柺杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學校有游泳池嗎?
(5)作同位語：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞，他藏身的地方很祕密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains8 unchanged.
他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。
(三)現在分詞：
現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特徵，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現在分詞的形式：
否定式：not + 現在分詞
(1)現在分詞的主動語態：現在分詞主動語態的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生，完成式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生，常作狀語。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業，他開始打籃球。
(2)現在分詞的被動語態：一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發生的被動的動作，完成式表示發生在謂語動詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍，這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。
2.現在分詞的句法功能：
(1)作定語：現在分詞作定語，當分詞單獨做定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語做定語放在名詞後。
In the following years he worked even harder. 在後來的幾年中，他學習更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
現在分詞作定語相當於一個定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改爲the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)現在分詞作表語：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現在進行時，也可能是現在分詞做表語，它們的區別在於be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時，而表示特徵時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
(3)作賓語補足語：
如下動詞後可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等着。
(4)現在分詞作狀語：
①作時間狀語：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工廠工作時，他是一名先進工人。
②作原因狀語：
Being a League member, he is always helping10 others. 由於是共青團員，他經常幫助他人。
③作方式狀語，表示伴隨：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家裏，又擦又洗。
④作條件狀語：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩，你就會浪費寶貴的時間。
⑤作結果狀語：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的狀語：
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
⑦作讓步狀語：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
⑧與邏輯主語構成獨立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.
我等汽車時，一隻鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly11.
所有的票已經賣光了，他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting12, we'll do another two exercises.
如果時間允許，我們將做另兩個練習。
有時也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點着燈睡着了。
⑨作獨立成分：
udging from(by) his appearance13, he must be an actor.
從外表看，他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細心。
(四)過去分詞：
過去分詞只有一種形式：規則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則要求，要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能：
1.過去分詞作定語：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上週一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee14 members will attend the meeting. 當選爲委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當過去分詞是單詞時，一般用於名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的後面。過去分詞做定語相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
2.過去分詞作表語：
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 過去分詞，如果表示狀態是系表結構，如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別：
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被動)
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的，不表示被動，只表示完成。如：
boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉)
newly15 arrived goods(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽)
the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.過去分詞作賓語補足語：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上週我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。
4.過去分詞作狀語：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚，他成爲父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看見，人們就忘不了。(表示時間)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果給予更多的時間，我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
雖然被告之有危險，他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。(表示讓步)
由於自身的特點和複雜性，非謂語動詞是中學生較難掌握語法項目之一，也是短文改錯命題的一個熱點。非謂語動詞內容很多，因此命題的知識點也有很多。短文改錯除了考查非謂語動詞的基本功能外，還考查非謂語動詞的形式變化以及動詞與非謂語動詞的不同搭配等。
三、易錯點回顧：
1. 下面短語中的to是介詞，後面只能跟名詞或動名詞：
devote16 oneself/one’s time, energy, etc. to(投入……)，get down to(着手幹……)，lead to (通向，導致)，object to(反對)，pay attention to (注意)，look forward to (盼望)，be used to (習慣於)，stick to (堅持)等。
〔誤〕 His whole family objected to his give up the job.
〔正〕 His whole family objected to his giving up the job.
2. 下列動詞後只能跟不定式：
afford, agree, ask, attempt, choose, decide, hope, expect, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等。
〔誤〕 He offered helping me.
〔正〕 He offered to help me.
3. 下列動詞或動詞短語的後面只能跟動名詞：
admit(承認)，appreciate, avoid, can’t help(禁不住)， stand(忍受)， consider (考慮，打算)，enjoy, escape (躲避)，excuse, finish, give up, imagine, insist on, mind, miss(錯過), practise, put off, risk, set about, suggest(建議)等。
〔誤〕 He admitted to break the window.
〔正〕 He admitted breaking the window.
4. 下列動詞後既可跟不定式，也可跟動名詞，但含義不同：
forget to do (忘記了要幹什麼) forget doing (忘了幹過的事情)
regret to do (指當時或現在遺憾地做什麼) regret doing (後悔做了什麼事情)
try to do ( 試圖幹) try doing (嘗試幹)
stop doing (停止幹) stop to do (停下來去幹另一件事情)
mean to do (打算幹) mean doing (意味着幹)
go on to do (繼續去幹另一件事情) go on doing (繼續幹同一件事情)
〔誤〕 He regretted to hurt his best friend.
〔正〕 He regretted hurting his best friend.
〔析〕表示"後悔幹過……"，regret後跟動名詞。
5. 下列動詞後跟帶to的不定式作補語：
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn17, wish等。
〔誤〕 My father had expected me going to college.
〔正〕 My father had expected me to go to college.
〔析〕"期望某人幹……"是expect sb. to do sth.。
6. 下列動詞後在主動語態中用不帶to的不定式作補語，但在被動語態中要加上to：
make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel, look at, listen to等。
〔誤〕 The boy was made wash the truck as a punishment.
〔正〕 The boy was made to wash the truck as a punishment.
7. 在easy, difficult, hard, interesting, pleasant等形容詞後的不定式用主動形式表示被動含義。
〔誤〕 I find the article difficult to be understood.
〔正〕 I find the article difficult to understand.
8. 在be worth, want, need, require後用動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義。
〔誤〕 The plant needs be watered.
〔正〕 The plant needs watering.
〔析〕need to be done=need doing,動名詞主動形式表被動。
9. 由不及物動詞構成不定式且不定式與其有邏輯上的動賓關係時，動詞的後面需加適當的介詞補充說明前面的名詞或代詞。
〔誤〕 He is well prepared for the exam and has nothing to worry.
〔正〕 He is well prepared for the exam and has nothing to worry about.
〔析〕worry是不及物動詞，且與前面的名詞有邏輯上的動賓關係，因此後面需加介詞。
10.典例題
〔例1〕 Having passed all the tests , she felt a great weight taking off her mind. taking→taken。此句的意思是"通過了所有的測驗，她感到去掉了一塊心病"。weight 與take off 是動賓關係，所以用過去分詞形式，taken off 在句中作賓語補足語。
〔例2〕In spite18 of his breaking English ,he can make himself understood.
breaking→broken。broken English 表示不連貫的英語。
〔例3〕I didn’t go to visit the Science Museum on National Day but I hope it soon.
it→to。 爲了表達簡練，我們可把不定式中的動詞和後面的部分省略，而僅僅保留不定式符號to。
〔例4〕 The new college graduate insisted on sent where he was most needed.
sent前加being。 insist 一詞後接從句或on doing 短語，動詞send和主語graduate 是動賓關係，所以需用動名詞的被動式。
四、指導借鑑
非謂語動詞具有靈活多變的特點，大家在判斷使用何種非謂語動詞形式時，可遵循以下規律：
1. 對比時間：對照謂語動詞的時間，確定非謂語動詞的時態形式
非謂語動詞的各種時態形式都是依據句子的謂語動詞的時態形式而變化的。一般情況下，如果非謂語動詞所表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之後發生，我們就用不定式的一般式;如果表示動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時進行，我們就用現在分詞的一般式或不定式的進行式;如果表示動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生，我們就用現在分詞、不定式或動名詞的完成式(特殊情況下，也可用動名詞的一般式)。
2.辨明邏輯：從非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關係判斷非謂語動詞的語態
如果非謂語動詞的邏輯主語是非謂語動詞動作的發出者，即兩者之間存在主謂關係，就用非謂語動詞的主動式;如果邏輯主語是非謂語動詞動作的承受者，即兩者之間存在動賓關係，就用非謂語動詞的被動式。
3. 兩方面結合，判斷時態、語態混合形式
有些非謂語動詞的形式把時態和語態的變化融合在一起，這時，我們可以把上述兩方面結合起來判斷。在非謂語動詞的邏輯主語是非謂語動詞動作的承受者的情況下，a)如果非謂語動詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生，就用現在分詞的被動式;b)如果動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之後發生，就用不定式的被動式;c)如果動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，就用現在分詞、動名詞或不定式的完成被動式。
五、簡明記
在句子中充當除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分爲三種形式:不定式，動名詞，和分詞(分詞包括現在分詞和過去分詞)。
1)不定式
時態語態 主動 被動
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2)動名詞
時態語態 主動 被動
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3)分詞
時態語態 主動 被動
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 動名詞， not + 現在分詞
六、現在分詞和動名詞的區別
I.動名詞與現在分詞作表語時的比較
1.動名詞作表語說明主語的內容，回答 what的問題;現在分詞作表語相當於形容詞作表語，說明主語的性質、特徵等，回答how的問題。如：
①One of the best exercises is swimming.游泳是最好的運動項目之一。
②What pleases him most is bathing19 in the sea.最使他高興的事是在海中沐浴。
③The situation both at home and abroad is very in- spiring9.國內外的形勢都很鼓舞人心。
④The color is pleasing to the eye.顏色悅目。
2.動名詞作表語，表語和主語幾乎處於同等地位，可以互換位置，其句意不變;現在分詞作表語，表語和主語則不能互換位置。如：
①Our work is serving the people.(=Serving the people is our work.)我們的工作是爲人民服務。
②The news was disappointing.那消息令人失望。
3.作表語的現在分詞前可以用very，quite，rather， greatly等副詞修飾，而動名詞則不可以。如：
①What he said was very encouraging.他的話很鼓舞人心。
②Our goal is realizing the four modernizations20 in the near future.我們的目標是在不久的將來實現四個現代化。
4.現在分詞與形容詞一樣可以和more，the most構成形容詞的比較級和最高級，而動名詞則不可以。如：
The story is the most fascinating21.那個故事最迷人。
5.作表語用的現在分詞除了和be連用以外，還可以和其它的系動詞連用;而作表語的動名詞則通常只能和be連用。如：
① His speech seems inspiring.他的演講似乎很鼓舞人心。
②His interest is writing for the newspapers.他的愛好是給報社寫文章。
6.有些用作表語的現在分詞已經形容詞化了。常見的有：exciting，moving，inspiring，missing，interesting， disappointing等。
II.動名詞與現在分詞作定語時的比較
1.動名詞作定語時，表示它所修飾的名詞的性能和用途，和它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上沒有主謂關係;現在分詞作定語時，表示它所修飾的名詞正在進行的動作，和它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關係，常可以擴展成一個定語從句。如：
a swimming girl =a girl who is swimming一個在游泳的姑娘
a walking stick =a stick that is used for walking一根柺杖
2.現在分詞作定語有時可以後置，而動名詞則通常只能放在它所修飾的名詞之前。如：
①The girl wearing glasses is one of his students.戴眼鏡的那個女孩是他的一個學生。
②I bought some reading materials.我買了一些閱讀材料。
七、動詞不定式和其它非謂語動詞用法比較
1、動詞不定式和動名詞作主語比較
動名詞作主語表示一般或抽象的多次性動作，不定式作主語表示具體的或一次性的動作，特別是將來的動作。例如：
_______ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.(MET 1992)
walk ing walk (Key：B)
2、動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞作表語比較
(1)不定式和動名詞作表語的區別同作主語一樣。
His job is building houses.
Our task now is to increase food production.
(2)動詞不定式和動名詞作表語說明主語的內容，現在分詞作表語表示主語所具有的特徵，過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態。
The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers.
The most important thing is to put theory into practice.
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，_______ it more difficult.(NMET 1999)
make to make making not make (Key：B)
3、動詞不定式和動名詞作賓語比較
(1)有些動詞後只跟不定式作賓語，如：want，wish，hope，manage，de- mand，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect等。
We agreed _______ here，but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.(NMET 1995)
ng met ing meet have met (Key：C)
(2)有些動詞後只跟動名詞作賓語，如：admit，appreciate，avoid，con- sider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape， excuse，finish，forgive，imagine， keep，mind，miss，practise，resist， risk，suggest，deny等。
