輝山乳業危機突顯股票質押貸款風險
The disclosure that China Huishan Dairy’s founder pledged 71 per cent of his company’s shares for loans before the group’s stock collapsed has raised fears that more companies could be at risk if other large shareholders have followed his example.
中國輝山乳業(China Huishan Dairy)的股票崩盤前，其創始人以公司71%的股權爲質押換取貸款。此事的曝光讓人不禁擔憂，可能有更多的企業面臨着風險——如果別的大股東也這樣做了的話。Share-backed lending is common in Asia and a sought-after business in Hong Kong for banks keen to build deeper links with favoured tycoons, whose wealth is often tied up in their company’s stock. Private equity funds also regularly borrow against the value of their holdings in listed groups.
股票質押貸款在亞洲較爲常見，比如在香港，渴望與受到優待的企業大亨建立更深聯繫的銀行就很喜歡這種業務，這些企業大亨的財富往往與自家公司的股價息息相關。私募股權基金也經常將所持的上市公司股票作爲質押物進行貸款。While the loans carry strict triggers and borrowers forfeit shares if they cannot meet margin calls promptly, the extreme nature of Huishan’s crash — the shares plummeted 85 per cent in 45 minutes before dealing was halted and are still not trading — means it is unclear whether Yang Kai might be forced to cede control of the group.
貸款具有嚴格的觸發標準，而且如果借款人無法立即完成補充質押物價值的要求，將失去所持股份。儘管如此，輝山乳業股價崩盤的極端性質——在45分鐘內暴跌85%，隨後停牌，至今仍未復牌——意味着，目前尚不清楚楊凱是否可能被迫放棄對該集團的控制權。
“A lot of Chinese banks do these deals without margin calls and just have a hard trigger when the share price hits 50 to 60 per cent down. Then the client has to pay up,” said one Hong Kong-based banker who arranges share-backed deals. “A lot of banks here are saying hopefully Chinese banks have learnt their lesson [from Huishan],” the banker added.
“中國很多銀行做這種交易都不附帶追加質押物價值要求，而只有硬觸發，即當股價下跌50%至60%時。那時客戶必須償還貸款，”一名常駐香港、負責安排股票質押貸款交易的銀行業人士表示。“這裏很多銀行都在說，但願中國的銀行已經從（輝山乳業）中學到了教訓，”該人士補充稱。The different lending standards between international banks and those in China — where regulators are considering curbs on the practice — have led bankers to warn that other companies could be as exposed as Huishan since Hong Kong does not require shareholders to disclose pledges if the loans are for personal use.
鑑於國際銀行和中國國內銀行不同的放貸標準，銀行業人士警告稱，由於在貸款用於個人用途的情況下，香港不要求股票持有人披露質押信息，可能有其他企業存在與輝山乳業類似的風險。中國監管部門目前正在考慮對股票質押貸款實施限制。Huishan Dairy reported the full extent of Mr Yang’s pledges yesterday, four days after its shares collapsed. Mr Yang had disclosed in December that he had pledged 26 per cent of the company’s equity for a HK$2.14bn ($275m) loan from China’s Ping An Bank in June 2015.
昨天，輝山乳業報告了楊凱質押貸款的全部情況，此時距離其股價暴跌已經過去了4天。去年12月楊凱曾透露，2015年6月他質押了該公司26%的股權，從中國平安銀行(Ping An Bank)換取了21.4億港元（合2.75億美元）的貸款。Banks typically advance between 30 and 40 per cent of the value of the shares pledged. International bank deals tend to carry a margin call if the shares fall somewhere between 10 and 40 per cent in value. They also require disclosure of other outstanding loans and a promise not to re-pledge the same shares. Any calls must either be met in cash or, in some cases, by adding shares to the collateral pool.
銀行通常以質押股票30%至40%的價值發放貸款。國際銀行往往會附帶追加質押物價值的條款，如果股票價值下跌10%到40%之間，就會發出這類通知。它們也要求借款人披露其他未償貸款並且承諾不對相同股票進行再次質押。追加質押物價值的要求要麼以現金滿足，要麼在某些情況下，借款人需要往質押池中增加質押股票。
Banks sell shares promptly if calls are not met, occasionally triggering sharp share price falls in the process. Huishan Dairy said Mr Yang was checking with his lenders to confirm whether they had sold any shares.
如果借款人沒有滿足追加要求，銀行會迅速出售股票，在該過程中偶爾會引發股價急劇下跌。輝山乳業稱，楊凱正在與各家銀行覈實，以確認它們是否出售了輝山乳業的股票。The use of shares for collateral has been growing on the mainland too, with Rmb5.9tn ($859bn) worth of stock pledged as of last week, according to Bank of America Merrill Lynch.
股票被用於質押的情況在中國內地也越來越多。據美銀美林(Bank of America Merrill Lynch)表示，截止上週，內地共有價值5.9萬億人民幣（合8590億美元）的股票被用於質押。Regulators, alarmed by the rapid spread of the practice, are considering imposing curbs that would limit the amount of shares pledged to 50 per cent of a company’s equity and prevent a single lender from taking on more than 30 per cent.
監管部門對該貸款模式迅速擴散的勢頭感到擔憂，目前正在考慮實施限制，擬規定用於質押的股票數量不得超過公司總股本的50%，並且單一放貸者接受質押股票的數量不得超過一家公司總股本的30%。
