優等生爲啥成績好大綱

12 Things Top Students Do

優等生爲啥成績好?

Here are 12 habits of top students that you can use as tips to do better in school:

下面是優等生的12個習慣。如果你想提高成績，可以酌情采納相應的建議。

1. They don't always do all of their homework.

1. 他們不會做所有的家庭作業

In college, homework assignments generally make up 5-20% of your grade, but can be the biggest time-suck for most students. Yes, working problems is one of the best ways to turn new concepts into working knowledge, but a large majority of those problems that take you hours and hours to work through, you'll never see on an exam.

在大學裏，課後作業只佔總成績的5%至20%，但是對大部分學生來說是最浪費時間的。是的，做作業是將所學的新概念轉化爲實用技能的最好方法，但是大部分作業需要很多時間來完成，而考試卻永遠不會考這些問題。

2. They never "read through" the textbook.

2. 他們不會把課本通篇全讀

Per time spent, reading the textbook is one of the least effective methods for learning new material. Top students use the examples and practice problems, but otherwise use Google, lecture notes, and old exams for study materials.

按照花費的時間來計算，讀教材是學習新知識效率最低的方法之一。優等生善於利用例題和練習題，另外還用谷歌，講義和以前的考試題作學習材料。

3. They Google EVERYTHING.

3. 他們什麼都用谷歌搜索

It's like an automatic reaction. New concept : go to Google for a quick explanation. Don't think just because your professor gives you a textbook and some examples on the blackboard that you're limited to that information. You have a massive free search engine at your fingertips, so make use of it.

這就像是第一反應。他們遇到新的概念就會谷歌快速搜索解釋。不要認爲你的教授發給你一本教材，在黑板上給了一個範例，你就只能拘泥於這些信息。你的指尖上擁有一個強大的免費搜索引擎，要充分利用。

4. They test themselves frequently.

4. 他們經常自我測試

Testing yourself strengthens your brain's connections to new material, and gives you immediate and clear feedback on whether you know something or not. Repeated self-testing significantly improves long-term retention of new material.

自我測試可以增強大腦與新知識的聯繫，你是否掌握了新知識？通過自我測試可以立即得到明確的反饋。反覆自我測試能夠顯著促進新知識的長期記憶。

5. They study in short bursts, not long marathons.

5. 他們短時間內學習，而不是馬拉松式學習

Studying in short bursts tends to help you focus intensely because you know there is at least a short break coming.

短時間內學習可以幫助你更集中精力，因爲你知道很快就會有短暫的休息。6. They reverse-engineer solved problems.

6. 他們逆向推理已解決的問題

The problem with simply following the steps the professor provided, or the textbook outlines, is that you're only achieving a surface-level knowledge of the problem. Top students, instead, take solved problems and work backwards, from solution to question, asking "why."

簡單地按照教授提供的步驟或教材提要來解答存在一個問題，那就是你只掌握了這個問題的表面。而優等生會從已經解答的問題逆向推理，從答案到問題推論，問"爲什麼"。

By following this process, you begin to understand the interconnections of the concept, and how to directly apply that to a problem.

通過這個過程，你就會開始理解這個概念的內在聯繫，怎樣將這個概念直接應用到問題。

7. They don't own a highlighter.

7. 他們不用熒光筆

Highlighting anything = unengaged reading. If you want to note something that stands out, underline and write a corresponding note to go along with it. Or better yet, write yourself a note summarizing the item in your own words.

把所有內容都強調突出純粹歸根結底還是無所事事的閱讀。如果你想要着重突出某個知識點，可以下劃線並配上相應的註解。更好的是，用自己的話概述整個問題，並記筆記。

8. They sleep-a lot.

8. 他們睡眠充足

The daily routines of top performers, in any field, are characterized by periods of intense work (4-6 hours per day) followed by significant quantities of high-quality sleep (9 hours per night). The idea is to alternate periods of intense work with rest, so that you allow adequate time to assimilate those gains.

每個領域優秀人士的日常習慣都是高強度的工作（每天四到六小時），然後配合長時間優質的睡眠（每晚九小時）。也就是高強度的工作和休息相間隔，讓大腦有充分的時間吸收新知識。

9. They engage themselves by asking questions.

9. 他們積極問問題

What happens if I tell you, "Thomas Jefferson almost single-handedly drafted the Delcaration of Independence in 1776."?

如果我告訴你，"1776年，托馬斯?傑佛遜幾乎獨力起草《獨立宣言》。"你會怎麼做？

You might say "Hmm.. that's interesting", try to remember it for later, maybe even write down a note or two.

你或許會說："唔，真有趣"，準備稍後記住這個知識點，甚至會寫下一兩條筆記。

But what if I ask you, "Who was Thomas Jefferson?" What changes?

但是如果我問你，"誰是托馬斯?傑佛遜？"會有什麼改變？

You start searching your memory, sifting through images of old guys, founding fathers, thinking about the Declaration of Independence. You come up with your own narrative, and then realize that you have gaps.

你會開始在記憶中搜索，篩選大腦中的元老，開國者的圖像，思考《獨立宣言》。你會給出自己的答案，然後發現還有一些知識空白。

You'll probably find yourself going to Google to fill in the gaps. Through that process your learning will be much more deeply seated in your brain than anything your history teacher ever told you about him. That's the power of asking questions.

你或許會登錄谷歌搜索這些空白的知識。通過該過程，這個知識點會比歷史老師直接告訴你更深刻地印在腦海中。這就是問問題的力量。

10. They make the best out of lecture.

10. 他們能從授課中得到最多知識

Yes, your professor sucks. Yes, lectures are boring. Yes, it's either too fast so you can't keep up and miss all the important stuff, or it's way too slow and you start zoning out because you already understand everything.

是的。你的教授讓人討厭。是的，授課內容很枯燥。是的，講課進度太快你根本跟不上，錯過了所有重要的內容，或者太慢了，讓你頭昏腦脹，因爲你早就理解了所有的知識。

The best students look at this this way: I'm going to be there no matter what, so what's the best use of my time while I'm in the classroom? Ask questions, bring the textbook and look stuff up, focus on the important practice problems to copy down in your notes, try to anticipate what the professor is going to say, make note of anything they put emphasis on as a potential exam topic. All of these things make the time you have to spend in lecture more productive. And that's less time you have to spend studying later on.

而最好的學生則這樣想：無論如何我都要認真聽課。那麼，應該怎樣最充分地利用課堂時間呢？問問題，打開教材，查找材料，集中精力研究練習題，抄到筆記本上，預測教授會講什麼，把他們強調的可能會考到的內容記下來。這些都會讓你的課堂時間更加高效，也減少了課後學習花費的時間。

11. They immediately study their exam mistakes.

11. 他們能立即從考試錯誤中吸取教訓

Most students get their exam grade back, flip through to see if the professor made any mistakes, and then promptly shove it into their notebook, never to be seen again until the mad scramble at the end of the semester to study for the final.

大部分學生看到分數後立即翻看教授有沒有評錯分，然後就把考卷夾在筆記本里再也不看了，直到期末考試來臨匆忙複習的時候。

Instead, top students ignore what they got right, and use their mistakes as an indicator of what to improve on.

相反，優等生會忽略做對的題目，把出錯的知識點視爲需要提高的地方。

12. They use old exams.

12. 他們利用以往的考試

Professors aren't the most inventive folk. Along with coming up with lecture material and departmental responsibilities, they're also primarily concerned with research. So typically midterms and final exams more or less look alike for similar courses year-to-year and even across universities. Because of this, old exams are a gold mine of opportunity for figuring out what problems you should be able to solve and study from.

教授並不是那麼善於發明創造。除了備課，制定課堂紀律之外，他們還要忙着從事研究工作。所以，年復一年，同一門課程的期中期末考題多多少少會出現雷同，甚至不同學校的考試內容也類似。因此，要了解考試會出什麼題，往年的考卷是最佳參考資料。