託福寫作考試題型介紹
託福寫作考試題一共分爲綜合寫作試題部分和獨立寫作試題部分，下面小編就爲同學們介紹託福寫作考試題型，大家可以根據這兩大題型的特點進行備考。希望對大家的備考有所幫助。
託福寫作考試題型介紹
新托福考試的寫作部分兩大題
包括兩道試題，分別是綜合寫作試題部分和獨立寫作試題部分，兩個部分需在大約50分鐘的時間內完成。
綜合寫作試題部分：考生需要首先閱讀一篇學術文章，閱讀的時間是3分鐘左右。然後文章隱去，這時考生需要聽一段大約爲1分半鐘的演講。但是考生在寫作文時可以看到在放聽力材料時隱去的閱讀材料。考生在閱讀和聽錄音的過程中可以做筆記來幫助答題。考生有20分鐘的時間來總結聽力材料中的要點，並解釋這些要點與閱讀材料中的要點有何關係。作文內容是根據考試所提出的問題而定的，不能由考生自由發揮。，需要考生根據自己的知識和經驗陳述、解釋並支持對待某一問題的某個看法。通常有效的回答應是一篇300個單詞左右的作文。
獨立寫作試題部分：考生需30分鐘的時間完成這一部分寫作，與現行機考託福的寫作考試或筆試託福寫作考試(TWE)類似，需要考生根據自己的知識和經驗陳述、解釋並支持對某一問題的看法。通常有效的回答應是一篇超過300個單詞的作文。考生可以自由選擇材料、形式和觀點等，不受題目的嚴格限制。本試題屬於主觀性題目。
託福備考之綜合寫作高分攻略
首先，大家要了解考試的要求。托福考試的寫作部分分爲綜合(Integrated writing)和獨立(Independentwriting)兩塊，這兩塊分別獨立評分，取平均值後得到最終的分數。也就是說，這兩個部分各佔一半權重，因此應給予相同程度的重視。有些同學在準備輸出端考試(寫作或者口語)的時候，居然連評分細則都不看，僅憑自己的主觀臆測和對於老師講解的依稀記憶去打造自己的文章，考不好真的不奇怪。下面，我們就來分析一下托福考試的評分細則。
託福綜合寫作的滿分要求是：
A response at this level successfully selects the important informationfrom the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information inrelation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response iswell organized and occasional language errors that are present do not result ininaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.
大家會發現，這裏面的關鍵詞是information和organization，也就是信息量和邏輯，至於語言，並沒有提出太多的要求，用詞和造句"秋褲"一些沒有關係。因此，只要聽力和閱讀的筆記記得較全，並且能夠把聽力中的觀點和細節表達清楚就可以。需要注意的是，這部分對詞數和時間都是有要求的，官方的規定是150-225詞，我的建議是180-260詞，時限是20分鐘。關於summary的結構，一定是四段--introduction+3對detail，不需要conclusion。總體來說，這部分得高分的一定是把聽力寫得很清楚的同學，事實上聽力纔是考察的重點，閱讀是用來幫助對聽力進行理解的，同學們在寫聽力內容的時候切不可有"這個也要寫啊，沒必要吧"的想法。另外，閱讀的內容在寫summary的時候決不可照抄。
瞭解了綜合寫作的評分細則，我們可以列出同學們需要鍛鍊的能力列表：
1、閱讀能力
2、聽力和速記能力
3、一定的改寫能力
下面我們來看看應該如何複習綜合寫作。首先，大家要對自己的閱讀和聽力能力有一個認識。對自己的能力有大概認識之後，同學們一定要注意複習方法。很多同學認爲自己閱讀差就是因爲不認識單詞，所以拼命背單詞;有些同學覺得自己聽力差，就花大量時間練習聽寫。這些方法本身都對能力提高很有好處，但是大家一定要記住，實戰纔是鍛鍊能力的最好方式，所以還是希望大家多做全套的綜合寫作習題。這裏推薦一個複習的方法，分成4個步驟：1、首先"裸做"題目，即三分鐘閱讀，聽一遍lecture，然後20分鐘寫summary。寫得不好沒關係，接下來需要找出閱讀和聽力中的硬傷，所謂硬傷就是不認識的單詞、不理解的詞組、沒看懂的句型和也認識也理解也能看懂但是聽不出來的單詞、詞組和句型，統統摘抄到筆記本上;2、將閱讀材料中的"硬傷"仔細記憶，再細細地讀passage，完全讀懂爲止，如果沒有讀懂可以參看書後的翻譯，接着練習記筆記，這裏主要是練習筆頭速度和縮寫表達能力，儘量積累出定型的縮寫表達以在考場上爭取時間;3、將聽力中的"硬傷"仔細記憶，再精聽lecture，如果聽不清可參看聽力原文，然後練習記筆記，可多遍練習，放一遍記一遍，儘量詳細而不復雜(信息量要大但是單詞不要全拼符號不要複雜);4、再次仿真練習，讀passage，聽lecture，再寫summary，然後對書後面的sampleanswer，一定做到不要遺漏聽力中的信息。
託福獨立寫作的常見問題與應對技巧
託福獨立寫作題目相對而言比較多，經典文庫中共計185個，但是每年ETS也會研發出新題，即使是在老題的基礎做些許的改動，母題的數量也使得“將所有題目寫一遍”這一任務變成mission impossible，而且即使做到了，也是一件投資回報率極低的行爲，就算考試的時候出現了原題，估計也不可能回憶所有之前寫的細節內容。所以針對獨立寫作部分的備考我們要更多的總結規律，通過總結來節省備考時間。TOEFL獨立寫作常見FAQ整理如下：
三選一題型如何處理
很多同學不知道三選一的文章結構應該如何處理。這裏其實三選一併不復雜，只需要熟記兩個注意點就可以輕鬆應付：一是三者都要提及;二是並沒有唯一的正確結構，結構應該根據題目靈活的選擇。我們來看一道例題。
Essay Topic
Which one isthe most important for teacher of high school?
1. The ability to help students plan for their future;
2. The ability to find the students who need help most and help them;
3. Teach students how to learn outside the classroom.
就這道題來講，題型基本結構的選擇有兩種：三項能力都重要，但是第一項最重要;或者，第一項是重要的，而第二項和第三項是不重要的。其他的文章結構都是這兩種的變體。我們拿第二種結構舉例：
總論點：規劃未來能力最重要(vs. 發現需要幫助的同學 &教會自學)
主體段1：學生最需要規劃，而只有老師有能力提供
主體段2：發現需要幫助的能力不重要，因爲學生自己會來找
主體段3：課外自學不重要，高中生沒有課外時間
The ability to help student with planning their future is definitely the most important capability for high school teachers.
To begin with, high school students are in desperate need for guidance about their future, and teachers are the only competent candidate to provide it. I know this from my personal experience. When I was in high school, a great portion of my classmates’ only goal is to reach for the minimum requirement for graduation, and to be able to get an offer from a middle-ranged college in the US, as all 15-year-old boys are profoundly addicted to either computer games or love affairs. Because of our immature mind, we had no idea regarding the choice of universities, or the selection of a future career path. What made matters worse is that our high school teachers provided us with virtually zero guidance concerning our college applications, not because they lack of the intention, but simply because they know nothing about it. Consequently, the vast majority of our parents had to hire an outside agency that specializes in the college application process which costs tons of money. Later we realized that this is an utter mistake, for what they did was simply giving us the timeline of the application process, translating our personal statements and recommendation letters from Chinese into English, and finally mailing out all our materials to the US. All of these simple tasks could be performed by ourselves, and these misfortunes surely could have been avoided if we had the luck to meet more competent teachers, with the ability to warn students and their parents about the black-hearted agencies and lay out lucid plans for students’ future.
The capability to find the students who need assistance most and help them, on the other hand, is not that imperative. The reason for this is quite simple, since high school students would come to teachers voluntarily if they are in serious trouble. In other words, many times students don’t want to be bothered by a teacher who treats them like a baby-sitter. As for the “help” part, I firmly hold the faith that all teachers are already equipped with the willingness to solve student’s problem gladly, using their prehistoric powers, no matter how difficult the situation can be. So the willingness to help students should be the minimum standard to be qualified as a teacher.
Similarly, the skill to teach students how to learn outside the classroom is completely unnecessary. For one, most high school students have no time outside their classrooms at all, as all their spare time is already occupied by cram school or by extracurricular activities. Even in the rare circumstance that some students may have free time, parents could always play the part of their instructor on how to self-study.
本篇文章在結構的處理上，做到了清晰、簡單。第一個主體段在證明第一項能力是非常必要的。第二、三主體段在分別證明第二、三項能力是不重要的。整個段落結構很明確。這樣會更容易獲得高分。大家要注意避免結構過於複雜和混亂。
如何豐富整篇文章的結構?
先說答案：另外一個大家經常會有疑惑的問題就是：我的三個主體段全部都是講故事，好像手法太單一了，會不會被扣分?如何豐富?答案是：有可能;以及，偶爾的使用純解釋型段落。衆所周知，TOEFL寫作中展開手法有兩種，exemplification和explanation。例證顯然是二者中更簡單的一個。因此，大部分同學都更傾向於使用例證。因爲它更容易快速上手，並且大家可以通過舉例來展開具體化的細節，從而獲得高分。但注意，如果三個主體段全部是講故事展開，未免會有語言太差的嫌疑。因此，除了例證，我們文章中最好可以稍微涉及到一些說理部分。
舉例和說理分別的優勢?
大家現在可以重新觀察一下範文三個主體段的展開手法。三個主體段一共444字。其中第一段259字，第二段116字，第三段69字。第一段的展開手法爲例證(講故事)，第二、三段均爲解釋。大家明顯感受到例證的優勢即爲能夠更輕鬆的展開出有效並具體化的細節，或俗稱“好湊字”。解釋的好處爲語言簡練，表達效率高，文章的遞進性、節奏會更緊湊。
舉例和說理分別的劣勢?
例證在TOEFL寫作中並無太明顯的劣勢。解釋的劣勢就比較明顯了。同樣的一個分論點，有的同學用例證可以很輕鬆寫到200字，而解釋只能說到100字。有的同學可能有個刻板印象：講故事的語言通常比較簡單，句式單一，因此不容易得高分。注意，講故事語言和句式也是可以複雜的;或者大家可以選擇簡單但地道的表達，可同樣可以獲得滿分。
答題戰略、以及舉例和說理的優劣小結
因此我們以後考場上的答題戰略很簡單。第一段爲例證段落。目的爲使勁湊字，儘量直接寫滿200字。第二、三段可以選擇簡短的小故事或者解釋性段落，分別寫到60～100字左右。這樣主體段已經達到至少320字，再加上開頭結尾段，可以輕鬆滿足350字的字數要求。
如何練好說理?
說理對語言和句式的要求要明顯高於例證。因此一定要有紮實的基本功的支持才能夠寫出漂亮的說理段落。關於句式的練法，可以參考強化班上的句型基本構成以及句型轉化練習。
如何練好例證?
例證的套路大家都很熟悉。很多同學的問題出在沒思路上。比如，一道題目問說：我們的閒錢應該拿去旅遊好，還是存到銀行好?有同學說，存起來更好，因爲可以未雨綢繆。這是一個很好的分論點，那麼如何以例證的方式來展開呢?有同學說可以使用反證法：我有一個朋友Foosen，他就不存錢，後來他就死的很慘。用此例來強調存錢的必要性。大部分同學都能夠想到這一步，問題會處在如何用故事來展開死的很慘，以及什麼事情導致Foosen死的很慘。我們來看一篇來自萬煒老師的範文：
To begin with, as a young man living in a big city, I need to start saving up from now on, because there are a lot of things in the future costing tons of money. Take my good friend Foosen for example. He is an optimistic guy who prefers to seize the day. He can spend all his salary within just two days either on luxuries or on trips. Before he was even 22, he already went around the whole Africa. Unfortunately, not everything goes according to plan. Last year during his trip to South Africa, he accidentally broke his leg and had to go through surgery. However, since he could not cover the expense, he had to call everybody to borrow money. It took so long for him to collect the money that the surgery was delayed. As a result, the recovery period for him was 2 months longer than everyone else’s. Now, this example might be a particular instance, and it is out of his expectation. Nonetheless, in today’ssociety, even the potential spending within our expectation is already quite worrying. For instance, in Beijing, if I wish to purchase a 30-squaremeter apartment, it would cost me over 3 million yuan; if I want to invite, say, 20 friends to my wedding, I would have to pay over 200,000 yuan; not to mention if I have a child and want to support his education, it would cost at least 50,000 yuan per year just for him to go to kindergarten. It aches mejust to look at these horrifying numbers. If I don’t save up for my future, there would be no future. (275 words)
故事描述了主人公Foosen，由於是樂天派並且堅持活在當下，進而展開月光、全世界各地旅遊;到之後有一次意外摔斷腿，需要做手術，但沒有存錢，從而導致恢復期比普通人長了兩個月。大部分的同學就是這些故事的“細節”想不到，或者沒思路。如何解決?很簡單，就是多看。因爲講故事並沒有一個明顯的模式或公式可以使用。According to a Personalized Education: Schooling for Tomorrow published by OECD in 2006, “Brains have the ability to generate rulesfrom examples. All that is needed, therefore, are the right examples – lotsand lots of them.”其實就是我們中學老師總的說的那句話，“量的積累產生質的飛躍。”大家想練好例證，只需要找到優秀的講故事型範文，仿寫10篇左右，自然會掌握規律。關於仿寫的方法，大家可以關注我的公衆號”Foosen資料庫”進一步瞭解。
託福備考之獨立寫作題目練習
同不同意：Some people think that 最重要的品質 in choosing the leader of a school organization or club is 誠實.
Leaders of all kinds should have lots of qualities in order to thrive together with the team. Persistence, passion, confidence and personal charisma, to name a few. When it comes to question of whether honesty is the most important qualities of all for a leader in a student organization, I, personally, would say honesty is definitely not the most important even though it is a contributing factor for a qualified leader and there are other qualities that are more urgent than being honest.
First off, being a good listener and able to communicate well with fellow members can be more important than being honest. Only when a leader sits down and listens patiently to problems and concerns of his or her members, can he or she become an effective leader in a student organization. Also, being an effective communicator can also be equally important since it is essential to convey emotions and ideas clearly to others, and when the leader get his or her ideas across to the fellow members, it enjoys a better chance to be implemented. A leader with exceptional communication skills is very confidence and personable when they are interacting with others. Since they can grab the listeners' attention, it is very easy for them to build rapport with strangers and thus they enjoy better chance to broaden their social networks.
Additionally, it is more essential for leaders of student organizations to be compassionate about the community and set exemplars for their fellow members than just being honest. Actually, lots responsibilities of student leaders involve various volunteer programs and philanthropic activities, if leaders of students body are not committed to getting involved in charitable activities, there will be a lack of energy level and passion among his or her fellow members. To be more specific, students organizations involved in lots of volunteer activities, like collecting food, managing the inventory and distributing food to those in need. They also volunteer in homeless shelters to prepare food or even work behind the scene in the business office. If leaders are motivated to take the initiative and contribute their time and other resources to the community in the first place, chances are that his or her members would follow suit.
In all, students leaders should have more important qualities other than being honest like excellent communication skills, compassion about their community and dedication to their endeavors.
