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英語什麼是動詞不定式用法大全

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英語動詞不定式有動詞特徵和非動詞特徵,這些特徵在漢語句式中得到充分體現,本文探討動詞不定式與漢語句式之間的對應關係,提示語法句式組合的規律與法則與人們的思維方式有一定的關係。那麼英語什麼是動詞不定式呢?下面是本站小編整理的英語什麼是動詞不定式,歡迎閱讀。

英語什麼是動詞不定式用法大全
  英語什麼是動詞不定式

在語法中,動詞不定式是指動詞的一種不帶詞形變化從而不指示人稱、數量、時態的形式。它之所以被叫做不定式,是因爲動詞不被限定,或者說不被詞形變化所侷限。不定式屬於非謂語動詞。

然而在一些語言裏(例如葡萄牙語),存在着受時態、人稱和數量影響的不定式形態。亦有些語言完全沒有不定式,例如阿拉伯語、保加利亞語和現代希臘語。

在外語學習的課程中,動詞不定式的一般現在時被稱作“詞典用詞”,因爲它一般被用作詞典中該動詞的詞頭。

動詞不定式可以作以上各種成分,但它畢竟是動詞,所以有動詞的屬性。

動詞不定式及其短語還可以有自己的賓語、狀語,雖然動詞不定式在語法上沒有表面上的直接主語,但它表達的意義是動作,這一動作一定由使動者發出。這一使動者我們稱之爲邏輯主語。

  英語中的動詞不定式構成

動詞不定式構成:to+ do(動詞原形)

否定式:not to+do 動詞原形

動詞不定式特點:動詞不定式沒有人稱和數的變化,在句子中不能獨立作謂語。可以在句子中作主語、賓語、表語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語.

一. 帶to的不定式結構

1. 我們學過的能直接跟帶to的不定式結構的動詞主要有:want, ask, tell, hope, learn, try, decide, forget, remember, like , love, stop, go, come等。

二. 不帶to的不定式結構

以下幾種情況使用不帶to的動詞不定式:

1. 在固定詞組had better之後。注意:had better的否定形式是had better not do sth.。 例如:You had better go home now. 你最好現在回家。

It's cold outside. You’d better not go out. 外面很冷,你最好不要出去。

2. 在let, make, see, feel, watch, hear等感官或使役動詞後,要跟不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。

例如:I made them give me the money back. 我迫使他們把錢還給我。

I didn’t see you come in. 我沒看見你進來。

3. 在引導疑問句的why not之後。

“Why not+不帶to的不定式”是“Why don’t you do…”的省略,可以用來提出建議或勸告。 例如: Why not go with us? 爲什麼不和我們一起去呢?

Why not take a holiday? =Why don’t you take a holiday? 爲什麼不休假呢?

三.動詞不定式的句法功能:

(一)作主語

不定式結構作主語時,現代英語傾向於採用it作形式主語,而把不定式結構後置的形式。 e.g. It’s easy (for me) to do that.

我做這事太容易了。

It’s so nice to hear your voice.

聽到你的聲音真高興。

It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.

當你不用車的時候,鎖車是有必要的。

It’s very kind of you to help us. 承蒙惠助,不勝感激。

(二) 作賓語

在下列動詞後用不定式作賓語:

afford; agree; ask; decide; want; expect; hope; fail; happen; help; learn;

mean; manage; offer; plan; promise; refuse; wish; forget; remember…

e.g. The driver failed to see the other car in time.

司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。

It is raining hard. Jack is holding a newspaper over his head.

He forgot to take an umbrella.

雨下得很大。Jack頭上頂着一張報紙。他忘記帶傘了。

(三) 作賓語補足語

動詞不定式作賓語補足語是動詞不定式用法的一個重點,學習時要注意以下三種情況:

1. 作動詞ask, like, tell等的賓語補足語時,動詞不定式符號to不可以省略。 e.g. He asked me to talk about English study. 他請我談談英語學習的問題。

2. 作使役動詞let, have, make以及感官動詞feel, hear, see, watch等的賓語補足語時,動詞不定式符號to要省略。

e.g. The teacher made him say the word like this. 老師讓他像這樣說這個單詞。

3. 作動詞help的賓語補足語時,動詞不定式符號to可以帶,也可以不帶。

e.g. Could you help me (to) carry the heavy box? 你能幫我搬這個重箱子嗎?

(四) 作定語

不定式作定語,要放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞的後面。

e.g. After he finished college, he had a lot of jobs to choose.

大學畢業之後,他有許多工作可選。

I have nothing to say on this question.

對這個問題我無可奉告。

He has something important to tell her.

他有重要的事情要告訴她。

(五) 作狀語

動詞不定式及其短語具有副詞的特性,可在句中用作狀語。

1. 放在句首也可以放在句尾表示目的等。

e.g. He stopped to have a rest. 他停下來休息。

2. 跟在作表語的形容詞或過去分詞的後面。

e.g. I’m sorry to hear that. 聽到這事我感到很難過。

3. 用在...結構中。

e.g. He is too young to understand it. 他太年輕,理解不了這件事。

  動詞不定式用法大全

一、結構:to+動詞原形 (not +to+vt, 疑問詞+to+vt)

二、功能:主語、表語、賓語、定語、補語、狀語或單獨使用。

三、特徵:保留動詞的某些特性,可以有自己的賓語、狀語等構成不定式短語。

四、時態和語態

主動語態 被動語態

一般式 to do to be done

進行式

完成式 to be doing 無 to have done to have been done

They pretended not to see us.(一般式表示與謂語的動作同時/發生在它之後.)

He pretended to be sleeping.(在謂語動詞發生的同時,不定式的動作也正在進行)

She pretended to have known it before.(完成式表示動作發生在謂語動作之前)

Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears_____ everything. ( 01年高考)

A. to tell B. to be told

C. to be telling D. to have been told

He is considered ____ the first computer.(MET93 34)

A. to invent B. inventing

C. to have invented D. having invented

五、用法

1、作主語

1) 用it作形式主語。(帶疑問詞的不定式不能用形式主語代替)

2)不定式可以有自己的邏輯主語,由for或of引出,加在不定式短語前面。

下列形容詞做表語時,不定式的邏輯主語由 of 引出:

careless粗心的,clever聰明的,cruel殘忍的,foolish愚蠢的,good好的,kind好心的 ,naughty淘氣的,nice好的,polite禮貌的,right正確的,rude無禮的 ,silly愚蠢的,stupid傻的,unwise不明智的,wise明智的,wrong錯誤的

這些形容詞都是描寫人的性格和特點的形容詞。“It is + 形容詞 +of sb + to do sth”這樣的句型更強調某人如何如何,可以改寫爲:“Sb + be + 形容詞 + to do sth.” 而“for sb to do sth”這一結構更強調做某事如何如何。

注意:It is difficult for me to learn English. 更強調學英語很難,不能寫成

I am difficult to learn English. (這句話含有邏輯錯誤。)

3)動詞不定式作主語,謂語動詞用第三人稱單數形式。

As young adults, it is our duty to try our best to deal with each challenge. It was necessary to talk with his mother.

How to make requests politely is important.(不用it)

2、作表語

動詞不定式作表語,常說明主語的內容、性質、特徵。如:

best way to improve your English is to join an English club.

first thing is to greet the teacher.

3、作賓語

1)可以接帶to的動詞不定式作賓語的動詞主要有:

要求選擇同意(ask, choose, agree),期望決定學習(expect, hope, decide, learn),寧可假裝知道(prefer, pretend, know),希望想要願意(wish, want, would like / love) We decided to talk to some students about why they go there.

He prefers to eat white bread and rice.

Id love to visit Mexico.

2)feel, find, make, think等動詞後有不定式作賓語且又帶賓補時,要用it作形式賓語代替真正的賓語——動詞不定式

I find it difficult to remember everything.

3)不定式與動名詞作賓語的區別

A不定式作賓語表一次、數次的具體動作、將來動作或動作的全過程,ving形式表習慣性的連續動作、習慣性的動作。

1)Then I started to watch English-language TV.

2)I like to eat vegetables.

B接不定式或動名詞作賓語意思不同的7個動詞

(1) remember to do sth. 記住要做某事

remember doing sth. 記住曾做過某事

(2) forget to do sth. 忘記要做某事

forget doing sth. 忘記曾做過某事

(3) regret to do sth. 後悔(遺憾)要做某事

regret doing sth. 後悔(遺憾)曾做過某事

(4) try to do sth. 設法要做某事

try doing sth. 做某事試試看有何效果

(5) mean to do sth. 打算做某事

mean doing sth. 意味着做某事

(6) can’t help to do sth. 不能幫助做某事

can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事

(7) go on to do sth. 做完某事後接着做另一事

go on doing sth. 繼續做一直在做的事

(8)stop to do sth. 停下來去做某事(目的狀語)

stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事,。

When I left home, I had forgotten to bring it with me.

I stopped using them last year.

3、作補語

1) 帶to的不定式作補語的動詞主要有:要求允許提議(ask, allow, permit, advise),期望邀請鼓勵(expect, suppose, invite, encourage),教導告訴想要(teach, tell, want),等待希望願意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如:

I'd invite her to have dinner at my house.

Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.

2)不帶to不定式作補語,多數動詞是感官動詞和使役動詞,包括五“看”:look at, observe, see, watch,notice三“讓”:have, let, make,二“聽”:hear, listen to,一“感覺”:feel。另外find如:

Your word makes me feel happy!

we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams.

但在被動語態句裏帶to如:

He was seen to smoke here.

He was found to steal in the shop.

3)有些動詞如: permit ,allow,admit,forbid,imagine,consider 後接不定式作賓補,接動名詞作賓語即V + sb to do sth & V + doing sth

e.g. :

The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late.(建議)

Please permit me to introduce myself to you first.允許

You surely can't consider him to be a selfish man.認爲

My parents forbid me to stay out after mid-night.禁止

I allowed the children to play in my room for another five minutes.讓

advise/permit/allow/admit/forbid/consider doing sth.

The little boy admitted having broken the glass.承認

They shouldn't allow parking in the street ; it's too narrow.允許

I forbid smoking in my house.禁止

We do not permit smoking in the office.允許

4、作定語

1) 用不定式作定語的幾種情況:

A不定式表將來:

I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.

B用來修飾被序數詞、最高級或no, all, any 等限定的中心詞。如:

He was the best man to do the job.

He was always the first to come and the last to leave.

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.

Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.

C 用來修飾的詞是抽象名詞時,常見的有:ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如:

Do you have the ability to read and write English ?

I have a chance to go sight –seeing.

2) 作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等,不定式後面須有相應的介詞。如:

The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.

There is nothing to worry about.

Please give me a knife to cut with.

I need a piece of paper to write on. 我需要一張寫字用的紙。

但是,不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place 或way時,不定式後面的介詞習慣上省去。

如:He had no money and no place to live (in).

We found a way to solve this problem (in).

2) 當作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的承受者時,不定式既可以用主動語態,也可用被動語態,但其含義有所不同。試比較:

Have you anything to send ? 你有什麼東西要寄嗎?(不定式to send 的動作執行者是“你”) Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什麼要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎?

5、作狀語

1)目的狀語,置於句首或句末,置於句首時常表示強調。如:

I study hard to improve my English.

A group of young people got together to(in order to / so as to) discuss this question. so as to do一般不置於句首,還可以引導結果狀語從句

2)原因狀語,多見於“sb.+be+adj.+to do...”結構句中。如:

I feel very lucky to have the gift.

He had run out of money to buy old bikes.

3)結果狀語,多見於“”,“enough to...”結構句中。如:

Then I’m too tired to do well. What should I do?

The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.

6、不定式主動表被動

1)在某些固定句型中, 動詞不定式作定語, 用主動形式表被動意義。

(1)have(give, show, find )sth. to do

在這種句型中的不定式與前邊的名詞有動賓關係, 又和句中另一名詞或代詞構成主謂關係。

例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. to do與things是動賓關係, 與I是主謂關係。否則, 在表示被動意義時, 仍需要被動式。試比較:

Have you anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你有事要做嗎? (to do是由you發出的)

Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要帶給你父母的東西嗎? (誰帶不得而知) Please get me something to read. 請給我弄點讀的材料。

(2)It(This, That)+be+a/an+adj. + n. +to do

在這種句型中, 不定式與前面的名詞有動賓關係。動詞不定式可改爲動詞不定式複合結構。 例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 這是個難答的問題。

question與to answer爲動賓關係。to answer可改爲 for me to answer。再如:

It is an easy sentence to translate. 這個句子很容易翻譯。

(3)There +be +n. +to do

在此句型中, 用來修飾主語的不定式, 可用主動式, 也可用被動式, 只是側重點不同。用主動式作定語, 重點在人, 用被動式作定語, 重點在物。

例如:沒有時間可以耽誤。可譯成:There is no time to lose(to be lost). 用 to lose可看成for us to lose; 用to be lost, 誰 lost time不明確。

但下述兩句用主動不定式與被動不定式意義不同:

a. There is nothing to do now. (=We have nothing to do now. )現在沒事幹。

b. There is nothing to be done. (=We can do nothing now. )現在沒辦法了。

a. There is nothing to see. (nothing worth seeing)沒有東西值得看。

b. There is nothing to be seen. (nothing there at all)看不見什麼東西。

2)在某些“形容詞+不定式”的結構中, 不定式有被動意義, 與句子主語構成動賓關係。其句型有:

(1)n. +be+adj. +to do

The job is very easy to do. 這工作很容易做。

(2)n. +be+too+adj. +to do

The thing is too small to see. 這東西太小看不見。

(3)n. +be +adj. +enough to do

The book is cheap enough to buy. 這本書很便宜可以買。

3)某些動詞, 如to let, to blame (責備), to seek(尋找)用主動式表被動意義。

例如:

The house is to let. 這房子要出租。

Who is to blame for it? 這得怪誰?

The reason is not far to seek. 這理由不難找到。

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