雅思閱讀機經：GeneralTrainingBPterosaurs

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雅思閱讀機經：General Training B Pterosaurs

A Pterosaurs stand out as one of nature's great success stories. They first appeared during the Triassic period, 215 million years ago, and thrived for 150 million years before becoming extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. Uncontested in the air, pterosaurs colonized all continents and evolved into a vast array of shapes and sizes.

B Until recently, most scientists would not have put pterosaurs in the same class as birds in terms of flying ability. Because pterosaurs were reptiles, generations of researchers imagined that those creatures must have boon cold-blooded, like modern snakes and lizards. This would have made flying awkward, as they would have lacked the endurance to power their muscles for long periods of time.

C In the past three decades, however, a number of fossil discoveries have prompted researchers to re-examine their views. The new picture of pterosaurs reveals that they were unlike any modern reptile. From a fossil discovered in Kazakhstan, scientists suspect that pterosaurs had a covering resembling fur. If so, this detail provides evidence of a warm-blooded body that could maintain the kind of effort needed to stay in the air. Indeed, scientists now believe that many pterosaurs were gifted air?borne predators, built to feed while in flight. And, in fact, such controversy has surrounded pterosaurs since the first discovery of one in the early 1700s.

D Cosimo Alessandro Collini, the first natural historian to study the fossil and describe it, was unable to classify it. It was not until 1791 that the great French anatomist Georges Cuvier deduced that the animal was in fact a flying reptile, whose fourth finger supported a wing. Ho named the fossil Pterodactylus, combining the Greek words for wing and finger. A few decades later, the name pterosaur, or winged reptile, was adopted to describe the growing list of similar fossils.

E In 1873, a remarkable pterosaur specimen came to light that confirmed Cuvier's deduction. Unlike earlier fossils, this new find near the Bavarian town of Solnhofen contained delicate wing impressions, establishing definitely that the extinct reptile was capable of flight. Even though over a thousand pterosaur specimens are known today, such wing impressions remain rare. Normally only bones survive the fossilization process

F But how pterosaurs learnt to fly remains a matter for disagreement. Most researchers conclude that pterosaurs are descended from a small tree-dwelling reptile that spent its life jumping between branches. This creature would have spread its limbs, and used flaps of skin attached to its limbs and body to help it to land gently on the ground. Over many generations the fourth finger on each of its front "arms" would have grown longer, making the skin surface larger and enabling the animal to glide farther. Meanwhile, the competing argument holds that pterosaurs developed from two-legged reptiles that ran along the ground, perhaps spreading their arms for balance. Through gradual growth, the front arms would then have evolved into wings. This difficult issue only be resolved with the discovery of earlier forms of pterosaurs.

G It's very difficult to say how pterosaurs changed over time because the earliest fossils we have are of pterosaurs whose fourth finger has already transformed into a wing/ says Fabio daila Vecchia, an Italian researcher. In fact, the earliest known pterosaurs came from the mountains of northern Italy, where he has spent years searching for flying reptiles. These species have shorter wings than later forms, but there is evidence that they were skilful fliers, capable of catching fish over open water. Proof of this has been found in the fossil of a Eudimorphodon, a 215-million-year- old pterosaur found near Bergamo, Italy. Under a microscope, several fish scales ,can be seen in the abdomen of the specimen - the remains of the pterosaur's last meal.

H A different but equally impressive sight is the life-size model of Quetzalcoatlus northroph which stares down at visitors in the Museum of Flying in Santa Monica, California. It has a beak the size of a man and wings wider than those of many of the planes exhibited nearby. This pterosaur had wings over 11 meters wide, making it the largest flying animal ever known.

I Quetzalcoatlus represents the height of pterosaur evolution. 'Unlike smaller pterosaurs, it could use natural currents to stay in the air without having to move its wings continuously' said Paul MacCready, an aeronautical engineer. 'As pterosaurs got larger, they discovered the benefits of gliding on air currents, making use of a free energy source. With their hollow bones, these pterosaurs had a very light construction, ideal for such activity.'

J As we walked beneath the Quetzalcoatlus model in Santa Monica, MacCready pointed out its similarity to sailplanes, the most efficient kind of aero planes.

Both have long slender wings designed to fly with minimum power. During flight, sailplane pilots routinely search for places where heat rises from sun-baked Earth, creating hot air currents called thermals. Undoubtedly, Quetzalcoatlus would have used thermals as well, lazily circling over the river deltas that one covered parts of Texas.

K The triumphant reign of pterosaurs ended with this giant flier. At the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago, a meteorite or comet slammed into the Earth. That calamity - and other events 一 wiped out roughly three quart ers of all species, including all pterosaurs and dinosaurs. But before their disappearance, pterosaurs enjoyed unequalled success. They flew into sunny skies before any other vertebrate. For 150 million years they sailed the winds on the strength of a fragile finger. What a glorious ride they had.

Questions 28-34

The text has eleven paragraphs, A-K.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.

28、similarities between pterosaurs and mechanical flight

29、the identification of the type of creature a pterosaur actually was

30、conflicting theories about how pterosaurs came to fly

31、the cause of widespread destruction of animal life on our planet

32、the fact that pterosaurs once existed all over the world

33、the first clear proof that pterosaurs could fly

34、concrete evidence that pterosaurs hunted their food from the air

Questions 35-38

Look at the following statements (Questions 35-38) and the list of people below.

Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 35-38 on your answer sheet.

35、He refers to the difficulty of determining how pterosaurs evolved without further evidence.

36、He failed to interpret the evidence before him.

37、He gave an appropriate name to the first pterosaur (hat was discovered.

38、He mentions the ability of pterosaurs to take advantage of their environment.

List of People

A Cosimo Alessandro Collini

B Georges Cuvier

C Fabio dalla Vecchia

D Paul MacCready

Questions 39 and 40

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER from the text for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 39 and 40 on your answer sheet.

39、So far, evidence of a total osaurs has been discovered.

40、The wings of Quetzalcoatlus measured more ss.

影響雅思閱讀五大基本因素

第一個影響雅思閱讀分數的因素就是詞彙。必須在閱讀文章中記憶，每篇文章做完題目，要整理一下單詞，然後再運用到閱讀其他文章中去，這叫從閱讀中來，會閱讀中去。效果比較明顯。不要盲目地擴充大量單詞，要有針對性，針對雅思閱讀，要知道雅思閱讀常考那些詞。這可從廣泛接觸雅思閱讀文章中，對單詞有感覺。

第二個是語法。閱讀中很多題目是在考查語法，都是暗地裏考。特別是主觀題，還有題目與原文的一些改寫，都是建立在語法的基礎上的。我們要注意一些關係，比如說對比對照關係，因果關係，因爲兩事物一旦有了關係，就熱鬧了，就比較好出題了。

第三個是邏輯關係。 雅思有個別難題不光是考查大家的英文水平，同時還在考查大家的邏輯思維能力。有些題目就是在這個環節出了問題，全部單詞都認識，就是題做不對。這樣的題多是判斷題和單選題。

第四個是文章的背景。這是影響雅思閱讀分數最不明顯的因素。雅思閱讀文章的背景我們也要熟悉，比如交通能源污染，這是雅思考試永恆的話題。我們比須積累這方面的常識，背景。另外還有建築，動植物，醫療健康，公司管理，高科技等等。

第五個是雅思閱讀題目的類型。其實這是影響雅思閱讀分數的最明顯的因素。十多種題目類型可以進行以下劃分，實力題與技巧題，必考題與選考題，主觀題與客觀題。這樣的話，考生就比較容易把握題目類型了，而且可以根據自己的實際水平，調整做題的先後順序。比如說，一個實力稍微弱點的學生，就要先去找填圖填表，匹配，簡答這類的題目做。而像判斷題能做就做，如果有的連提幹都看不懂，那隻能根據一般規律去做，也就是蒙。這是沒有辦法的辦法。但總比你在那浪費上十多分鐘強，但也不能空着。

影響雅思閱讀分數的這五個方面，大家都要針對性很強地下功夫。前期熟悉題型，研究題型，學會定位，調整做題的順序和不太好的習慣。後期研究雅思文章，積累常考得替換詞，攻破常考得語法難點。適當背誦甚至默寫一定量的重要句子。

雅思閱讀--遇見回答問題怎樣兩三詞答對

回答問題是根據所給文章或圖表回答問題。在IELTS閱讀測試中通常是用下列單詞提問：. what、which、when、where、who、whose、whom、why、 how 等。除了利用上述單詞進行提問外，有時會在答題指引中將所提問題列出。

回答問題答題步驟：

1. 仔細查看答題指引，瞭解回答何種問題。

2. 查看例句，確定答題方式。

3. 要確定問句的種類，一般疑問句可按正常形式回答(例如：yes/no)，如果是選擇疑問句或者是以wh/how開頭的問句就一定要具體回答

4. 仔細理解問句所提問題。

5. 特別要注意問句中所提問題的關鍵詞語(例如：單數、複數)，以及問句中表明數量、時間、地點的詞語。

6. 將問句中的關鍵詞語與文章中相關句子中的詞語進行匹配。

7. 確定問句與文章中相關句子含義是否一致，得出答案。

雅思閱讀機經：General Training B Pterosaurs