當前位置

首頁 > 英語詞彙 > 英語單詞 > 動名詞與不定式的區別

動名詞與不定式的區別

推薦人: 來源: 閱讀: 1.54W 次

以下是小編爲大家整理的動名詞與不定式的區別,希望能幫助大家更好地認識動名詞與不定式,提高英語水平。

動名詞與不定式的區別

不定式和動名詞作主語的區別:

(1) 動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作;而不定式作主語表示具體動作。

Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.這裏禁止抽菸。(抽象)

It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽這麼多煙對你身體很不好。(具體)

(2) 動名詞作主語時,通常用以表示一件已知的事或經驗。不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。

Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(經驗)

Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峯時刻開車令人厭煩。(經驗)

To finish the task will take a long time. 要完成這項任務將要花費很長時間。(具體)

(3) 不定式做主語,一般用it當形式主語,把作主語的不定式短語後置。

It took me only five minutes to finish the job.

不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區別:

(1) 不定式作表語

1) 不定式作表語一般表示具體動作,特別是表示將來的動作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither.一次做兩件事等於未做。

2)如果主語是不定式,表語也必須是不定式。

To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。

To work means to earn a living.工作就是爲了生活。

3) 如果主語是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等

爲中心的名詞,或以what引導的名詞性從句,不定式作表語是對主語起補充說明作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future. 他的希望是在不遠的將來買一輛豪華轎車。

What I would suggest is to start work at once. 我的建議是立刻開始幹。

The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.

(2) 動名詞作表語:動名詞作表語,表示抽象的一般性的行爲。

Our work is serving the people.我們的工作是爲人民服務。

His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是集郵。

(3) 分詞作表語

分詞做表語有兩種情況,一種是現在分詞做表語,一種是過去分詞做表語,這兩者區別是考試

中經常考到的地方。一般來說,表示心理狀態的動詞如excite,interest等都是及物動詞,漢語意思不是“激動”,“高興”,而是“使激動”、“使高興”,因而現在分詞應該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”,過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。例:

The cartoon is interesting to children. 這部卡通片對孩子來說令人興趣。

Children are interested in the cartoon. 孩子們對這部卡通片感興趣。

這類動詞常見的有:

delighting 令人高興的-- delighted 感到高興的

disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的

encouraging 令人鼓舞的-- encouraged 感到鼓舞的

exciting 令人激動的-- excited 感到激動的

interesting 令人感到高興-- interested 感到高興的

pleasing 令人愉快的-- pleased 感到愉快的

puzzling 令人費解的-- puzzled 感到費解的

satisfying 令人滿意的--- satisfied 感到滿意的

surprising 令人驚異的-- surprised 感到驚異的

worrying 令人擔心的-- worried 感到擔心的

Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲勞。

The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要學生學得太多,他們會感到糊塗的。

The argument is very convincing.他的論點很令人信服。

They were very excited at the news.聽到這個消息,他們非常激動。

不定式和動名詞作賓語的區別:

英語中大多數動詞既可跟不定式,也可跟動名詞作直接賓語,但有些動詞要求:

(1) 不定式做賓語和賓語補足語

1) 下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語

afford負擔得起 agree同意 appear似乎,顯得 arrange安排

ask問 attempt企圖 beg請求 begin開始

choose選擇 claim要求 decide決定 demand要求

desire願望 determine決定 expect期望 fail不能

forget忘記 happen碰巧 hate憎恨,厭惡 hesitate猶豫

hope希望 intend想要 learn學習 long渴望

love愛 manage設法 mean意欲,打算 need需要

neglect忽視 offer提供 omit忽略,漏 other擾亂;煩惱

plan計劃 prefer喜歡,寧願 prepare準備 pretend假裝

promise承諾,允許 refuse拒絕 regret抱歉,遺憾 seek找,尋覓

start開始 try試圖 volunteer志願 want想要

wish希望

例如:He managed to pass the maths exam this time. 這次他設法通過了數學考試。

2) 下面的動詞可用不定式做賓補:動詞+賓語+動詞不定式:

advise勸告 allow允許 ask要求,邀請 beg請求

cause引起 command命令 direct指導 drive驅趕

enable使能夠 encourage鼓勵 entitle有資格 forbid禁止

force強迫 get請,得到 hate憎惡 help幫助

inspire鼓舞 instruct指示 intend想要,企圖 invite吸引,邀請

lead引起,使得 leave使,讓 like喜歡 mean意欲,打算

need需要 oblige不得不 order命令 permit允許

prefer喜歡,寧願 prompt促使 pronounce斷定 recommend勸告,推薦

remind提醒 request請求 require要求 teach教

tell告訴 tempt勸誘 train訓練 urge激勵,力說

want想要 warn告誡 wish希望

例如:Teachers often encourage us to learn English well. 老師經常鼓勵我們要學好英語。

(2) 有些動詞只能用動名詞作賓語

admit 承認 appreciate 欣賞 avoid避免 bear忍受

can’t help不禁 can’t stand受不了 confess坦白 consider 考慮

delay延遲 deny否認 dislike不喜歡,討厭 endure忍受

enjoy享有,喜愛 escape逃跑,逃避 excuse藉口 favor 造成,偏愛

finish完成,結束不得 forgive原諒 hate討厭 imagine設想

involve捲入,包含 keep保持 mention說到,講到 mind 介意

miss錯過 permit 允許 postpone延遲,延期 practise 實行,實踐

prevent阻止 resist抵抗,阻止 risk冒險 suggest建議

tolerate忍受

例如:They decided to delay holding the sports meeting because of the hard rain.

由於大雨他們決定推遲召開運動會。

(3)有些動詞比如allow, advise, permit, encourage等後面直接跟動詞只能是動名詞,如果後面跟賓補則只能是不定式。例如:

Our school allows using calculators in the maths exam. 我們學校允許在數學考試中使用計算器。

Our school allows students to use calculators in the maths exam. 我們學校允許學生在數學考試中

使用計算器。

(4) 有些動詞後使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別

1)forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)

forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發生)

2)stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事

stop doing 停止正在或經常做的事

3)remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)

remember doing記得做過某事(已做)

4) regret to do對要做的事遺憾

regret doing對做過的事遺憾、後悔

5)try to do努力、企圖做某事

try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法

6) mean to do打算,有意要…

mean doing意味着

7)go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)

go on doing 繼續(原先沒有做完的事情)

8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)

proposing doing建議(做某事)

9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行爲;+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念

(注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞,其後賓語只跟不定式,不能跟動名詞。例如:

I should like to see him tomorrow.

10)need, want, require, deserve +動名詞表被動意義;+不定式被動態表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。 例:

The room needs cleaning / to be cleaned. 這房間需要打掃一下。

Don’t you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?

You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要記着是明天動身。

I don’t regret telling her what I thought.我不後悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)

I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)

You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。

Let’s try doing the work some other way.讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。

I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling.我沒想要傷害你的感情。

This illness will mean(your)going to hospital.得了這種病(你)就要進醫院。

不定式和分詞作狀語的區別:

(1) 現在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區別。

現在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區別在於兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關係的區別。

1)現在分詞作狀語時,現在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作,它們之間的關係是主動關係。

He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去後將門隨手關上。

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由於不知如何辦是好,他去找父母幫忙。

2)過去分詞作狀語時,過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作,它們之間的關係是被動關係。

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果對這些樹多關心一些,它們本來會長得更好。

Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遭遇到困難的時候,我們必須設法克服它們。

(2) 動詞不定式和分詞作狀語放在句末的區別

1) 分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨,而不定式常常表示目的。

They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他們站在路邊談論着這個計劃。(伴隨)

They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他們站在路邊爲的是談論這個計劃。(目的)

2) 分詞作狀語放在句子開頭,除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時,除了表示目的以外,還表示結果或原因。

Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由於在專心讀書,他忘了吃午飯的時間。(原因)

Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔細讀書時,發現了一些從前不知道的東西。(時間)

Reading carefully,you'll learn something new.只要你仔細閱讀,你會學到一些新的東西。(條件)

His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太窮,不能維持他的生活。(結果)

The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.這男孩個子不夠高,手伸不到書架。(結果)

We are glad to hear the news.我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)

(3)下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時候應該注意的:

A:not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/glad/anxious to 表示肯定意義。 例:

You will never be too careful in the exam. 考試時你越仔細越好。

He is too careful not to notice something abnormal. 他很仔細會注意到異常情況的。

B:做結果狀語的不定式只能出現在句子的末尾,常見的不定式動詞有:find, hear, see, be told,

form, give, make, produce, say等。 例如:

I was too angry at that to say about it. 我對此氣得話也說不出來。

He hurried to the bank only to find/be told that it was closed. 他匆匆忙忙趕到銀行卻發現關門了。

C:不定式做狀語時,其邏輯主語一般爲句子的主語,否則用for引導主語。 例:

Li Ming’s mother went to the lecture hall early for him to get a good seat. 李明的母親一早就去演講廳了,爲了讓他可以得到一個好座位。

動詞不定式:(to)+do,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特徵。

1、不定式的形式:

主 動 被 動

一般式 To write to be written

進行式 to be writing /

完成式 to have written to have been written

否定式:not + (to) do

1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之後,

例如:

I’m glad to meet you.

He seems to know a lot.

We plan to pay a visit.

He wants to be an artist.

The patient asked to be operated on at once.

The teacher ordered the work to be done.

2)進行式:不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生,例如:

The boy pretended to be working hard.

He seems to be reading in his room.

3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前,例如:

I regretted to have told a lie.

I happened to have seen the film.

He is pleased to have met his friend.

2、不定式的句法功能:

1)作主語:

To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.

To lose your heart means failure.

動詞不定式短語作主語時,常用形式主語it作形式主語,例如上面兩句可用如下形式:

It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.

It means failure to lose your heart.

2)作表語:

Her job is to clean the hall.

He appears to have caught a cold.

3)作賓語:

常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)後面有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,真正的賓語(不定式)後置,放在賓語補足語後面,例如:

Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.

動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語,如:

I have no choice but to stay here.

He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.

動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用,如:

He gave us some advice on how to learn English.

4)作賓語補足語:

在複合賓語中,動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語,如下動詞常跟這種複合賓語: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.

此外,介詞有時也與這種複合賓語連用,如:

With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema.

有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用,但改爲被動語態時,不定式要加to, 如:

I saw him cross the road.

He was seen to cross the road.

5)作定語:

動詞不定式作定語,放在所修飾的名詞或代詞後。與所修飾名詞有如下關係:

A)動賓關係:

I have a meeting to attend.

注意:不定式爲不及物動詞時,所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等,應有必要的介詞,如:

He found a good house to live in.

The child has nothing to worry about.

What did you open it with?

如果不定式修飾time, place, way,可以省略介詞:

He has no place to live.

This is the best way to work out this problem.

如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者,不定式可用主動式也可用被動式:

Have you got anything to send?

Have you got anything to be sent?

B)說明所修飾名詞的內容:

We have made a plan to finish the work.

C)被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語:

He is the first to get here.

6)作狀語:

A)表目的:

He worked day and night to get the money.

She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.

注意不定式放句首時,邏輯主語與句子主語要一致:

wrong: To save money, every means has been tried.

right: To save money, he has tried every means.

wrong: To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.

right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.

B)表結果:

He arrived late to find the train gone.

常用only放在不定式前表示強調:

I visited him only to find him out.

C)表原因:

They were very sad to hear the news.

D)表程度:

It’s too dark for us to see anything.

The question is simple for him to answer.

7)作獨立成分:

To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.

8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do動詞。

If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to.

9)不定式的並列:第二個不定式可省略to。

He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.

(二)動名詞:動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有名詞的句法功能。

1、動名詞的形式:

語 態 主動語態 被動語態

一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

否定式:not + 動名詞

1)一般式:

Seeing is believing. 眼見爲實。

2)被動式:

He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀請就來到了晚會。

3)完成式:

We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。

4)完成被動式:

He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。

5)否定式:not + 動名詞

I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。

6)複合結構:物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+ 動名詞

He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。

His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。

2、動名詞的句法功能:

1)作主語:

Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。

Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。

當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。

It’s no use quarrelling. 爭吵是沒用的。

2)作表語:

In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs. 在螞蟻王國,蟻后的工作是產卵。

3)作賓語:

They haven’t finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。

We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我們必須阻止空氣被污染。

注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語,如上面兩個例句。此外,動名詞作賓語時,若跟有賓語補足語,則常用形式賓語it,例如:

We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。

要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語:

enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承認),deny(否認), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒險), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

4)作定語:

He can’t walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有柺杖不能走路。

Is there a swimming pool in your school. 你們學校有游泳池嗎?

5)作同位語:

The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞,他藏身的地方很祕密。

His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。

1) 動名詞與不定式的區別:

動名詞表達的是: 狀態,性質,心境,抽象,經常性,已發生的

不定式表達的是: 目的,結果,原因,具體,一次性,將發生的

2) 接不定式或動名詞,意義相同。

3) 動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組:

1 stop to do     stop doing

2 forget to do     forget doing

3 remember to do   remember doing

4 regret to do     regret doing

5 cease to do     cease doing

6 try to do      try doing

7 go on to do     go on doing

8 afraid to do     afraid doing

9 mean to do      mean doing

10 begin/ start to do  begin/ start doing

11 interested to do  interested doing

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

動名詞與不定式的區別相關文章推薦:

worth的用法

worth和worthy的區別

practise 的用法詳解

自考英語(一)英語語法基礎材料:動詞不定式

require的用法總結

would rather的用法講解