怎麼做好新託福閱讀題型 指代題

指代題是託福閱讀中的一種題型，下面小編就來分享一下如何才能做好它。

新託福閱讀題型--指代題

Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代題

指代題是比較“雞肋”的一種題，由於它難度不高，現在在托福考試中出現的概率已經低了很多。尤其第三版的官方指南中新增加的三篇文章，竟然一道指代題都沒有，這也許說明了ETS的一種態度和出題的動向。但是指代題的原理，我們的同學必須要掌握。因爲雖然也許你碰到指代題的概率低了很多，但是ETS在插入句子題、簡化句子題或者推斷題等題目，用代詞來做主語，你不得不去確定這個代詞主語到底指代的是前文中的什麼才能繼續解題。所以我們說這是一種很雞肋的題型，同學們可以複習一下定語從句以及代詞等方面的相關語法，分析一些例題，應該可以很好地應付這種題型。

　　託福閱讀指代題解題思路及步驟

一、問題形式

被考的文章中有一個詞或詞組被加亮，這個詞通常是一個代詞或名詞。指代題的形式如下：

The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to

二、解題步驟

1. 根據解題技巧確定答案

2. 代入原文驗證，看語義、邏輯和語法上是否通順

三、基本原則

1. 就近指代

所謂就近指代，就是被指代對象通常在指代詞前不遠處，如本句或上一句中。有時也出現在更前面的一句中。例如，

Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.

The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy

本題涉及的是一個詞組this problem。尋找這一詞組的指代對象時只需向上搜索就行。根據就近原則，前一句中的主語the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步確定爲答案。將其代入原文，符合語義和邏輯，因此第三個選項爲正確答案。第一個選項和第三個選項都和this problem相距較遠，而且代入時語義和邏輯上不通，因此爲干擾選項。

2. 數格一致

被指代對象通常與指代詞在數(如單數或複數)和格(主格或賓格)兩方面相同。如單數代詞one指代單數名詞，複數代詞they指代複數名詞。

四、主要思路

1. 主從複合句中的指代

在主從複合句中，第二句的代詞主語經常指代第一句的名詞主語。例如，

The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.

The word they in the passage refers to

?qualities

?fins

?grooves

?depressions

在這一例子中，從句so that they…中的代詞主語they指代主句的名詞主語the fins，因此第二個選項爲正確答案。

　　如何解答託福閱讀指代題?

託福閱讀指代題目目前出的不是很多，我們只需要按照幾個常用步驟解題就可以了。基本做法是一：向前找，二：主從句主語一致;三：注意數格 四：前文概括總結。

這一節按照主從一致的基本標準做3個題目

例一

From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.

12. The word “these” in the passage refers to(2)

○ religious ceremonies

○ descriptions

○ types of ware

○ pots

解析：畫線句子中，although必然引導從句，所以these 應和主句的主語一樣。主句Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots,中，因爲狀語和of之後的後置定語都不是主要,tion又一定是名詞後綴。所以tions一定就是主句主語。因此答案是B. 看似很難的題目，很簡單就可以得出結論。

例二

Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation.

11. The word “it” in the passage refers to (1)

○ an external cue such as sunrise

○ the daily rhythm of an animal

○ the local solar day

○ a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours

解這個題，同樣的道理我們一眼落實到這個句子上了Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does。。。;it 肯定和主句主語一致。找一下：not only do but also do明顯是動詞，前面的一定是主語。答案a

例三：語序錯亂，一樣找

They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.

The word “they” in the passage refers to (1)

○ statues

○ gateways

○ temples

○ pillared courts

這個題我們應該落實到畫線句子。Where引導的從句是必然了。那主句的主語在哪裏?我們看到前面有效標點符號或者說,明顯界標性質的地方是for instance,而後面不成一句(地點怎麼會是一句話呢)所以我們界定這個for instance作爲插入語是在影響我們思維的，那麼刪掉好了。往前找，主語是Other statues，很明顯沒有跟它爭的了：) 因爲後面是動詞“是”。直接找ABCD裏面有Other statues的就好了。A.