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2017初中英語語法大全

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語法的學習是英語的基礎學習,那麼初中語法知識點你都掌握了多少呢?接下來本站小編爲你整理了2017初中英語語法大全,一起來看看吧。

2017初中英語語法大全
  2017初中英語語法:定語從句

1在複合句中做定語的從句稱爲定語從句,它可以用來修飾名詞或代詞。被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。定語從句必須放在先行詞後面。

2引導定語從句的詞通常被稱爲關係詞。關係詞一般位於先行詞與定語從句之間,且作爲定語從句的一個成分。關係詞又分爲關係代詞和關係副詞。

I 關係代詞引導的定語從句

關係代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,並在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關係代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。

1)who, whom, that

這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中作主語和賓語。例如:

Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)

2) whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換)。例如:

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。

Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。

3)which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等。例如:

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

農村出現了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語)

The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)

II. 關係副詞引導的定語從句

關係副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。

1) 關係副詞when, where, why的含義相當於"介詞+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用。例如:

I will never forget the day when I met her. 我將永遠不會忘記我見到她的那一天

Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?

2)that代替關係副詞,可以用於表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞後取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略。例如:

His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。

III.判斷關係代詞與關係副詞

方法一: 用關係代詞,還是關係副詞完全取決於從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞後面無賓語,就必須要求用關係代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關係副詞。例如:

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 這是我去年呆過的山村。

I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永遠不會忘記與你共事的日子。

判斷改錯:

(錯) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

(錯) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

(對) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

(對) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關係副詞 where, when聯繫在一起。此兩題錯在關係詞的誤用上。

方法二: 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關係副詞。

例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?

A. where B. that  C. on which  D. the one

例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

A. where B. that  C. on which  D. the one

答案:例1 D,例2 A

例1變爲肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.

例2變爲肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

在句1中,所缺部分爲賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關係代詞,所以應選D。

而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分爲句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用介詞in + which 引導地點狀語。而此題中,介詞on 用的不對,所以選A。

關係詞的選擇依據在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時,選擇關係代詞(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做狀語時,應選擇關係副詞 ( where 地點狀語,when 時間狀語,why 原因狀語) 。

IV. 限制性和非限制性定語從句

1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開。例如:

This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。(限制性)

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的。(非限制性)

2) 當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其後的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如:

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理?史密斯去年退休了,他曾經是我的老師。

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶着個漂亮的花園。

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人,我已經讀了三遍。

3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作爲先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數。例如:

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態水變爲蒸汽,這就叫做蒸發。

說明:關係代詞that和關係副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。

V. 介詞+關係詞

1)介詞後面的關係詞不能省略。

2)that前不能有介詞。

3)某些在從句中充當時間,地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關係詞"結構可以同關係副詞when 和where 互換。例如:

This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住過的房子。

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎?

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

VI. as, which 非限定性定語從句

由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句,相當於and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。例如:

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我們所知,吸菸有害健康。

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太陽使地球暖起來,這對我們人類很重要。

典型例題

1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.

A. it  B. that  C. which  D. he

答案C. 此爲非限定性從句,不能用 that修飾,而用which.,it 和he 都使後

句成爲句子,兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。

2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.

A. what B. which C. that D. it

答案B。which可代替句子,用於非限定性定語從句,而what不可。That 不能用於非限定性定語從句,it不爲連詞,使由逗號連接的兩個句子並在一起在英語語法上行不通。

3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..

A. that B. which  C. as  D. it

答案B. as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時,這兩個關係代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點:

(1)as 引導的定語從句可置於句首,而which不可。

(2) as 代表前面的整個主句並在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若爲行爲動詞,則從句中的關係代詞只能用which.。在本題中,prevent由於是行爲動詞,所以正確選項應爲B。

as 的用法

例1. the same…as;such…as 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和……一樣……。例如:

I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 我碰到了跟他一樣的麻煩。

例2. as可引導非限制性從句,常帶有'正如'。例如:

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我們所知,吸菸有害健康。

As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.

As是關係代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語;例2中,它充當從句的主語,謂語動詞know要用被動式。

VII. 先行詞和關係詞二合一

1) Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)

2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)

VIII. what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever

1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything。例如:

What you want has been sent here. 你要的動詞都送來了。

Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什麼,跟我沒什麼關係。

2) who= the person that  whoever= anyone who。例如:

(錯)Who breaks the law will be punished.

(錯)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.

(對)Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法,與庶民同罪。

(對)Who robbed the bank is not clear. 誰搶了銀行還不清楚。

3) that 和 what

當that引導定語從句時,通常用作關係代詞,而引導名詞性從句時,是個不充當

任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that常可省略。What只能引導名詞性從句,用作連接代詞,作從句的具體成分,且不能省略。例如:

I think(that)you will like the stamps. 我想你會喜歡這些郵票的。

What we need is more practice. 我們需要的是更多的實踐。

IX. 關係代詞that 的用法

1)不用that的情況

a) 引導非限定性定語從句時。例如:

(錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

b) 介詞後不能用。例如:

We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我們依賴土地獲得食物。

We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

2)

(一) which與that指物時可互相代替,但that比which更常見,尤其在口語中。但要注意that可用來指人,而which則不能指人。

只能用that不能用which引導的定語從句:

①定語從句所修飾的詞,同時又被形容詞最高級修飾時,定語從句只能用that引導;

This is the most interesting story (that) I have ever heard.

②定語從句所修飾的詞,同時又被序數詞修飾時,定語從句只能用that引導;

The children like the second Lesson that is about “The Football March”.

③定語從句所修飾的詞,同時又被the only,the very或the same修飾時,

定語從句只能用that引導;

1) It is the only word (that) I know in the passage.

2) This is the same bicycle (that) I lost.

④定語從句修飾的詞同時又被不定代詞,如:all,any,no,every,little,many或much等修飾時,定語從句只能用that引導;

Here is all the money (that) I have.

⑤定語從句修飾詞爲everything,something,anything,nothing,all,none,much,little,few等不定代詞時,定語從句只能用that引導。但something前有the時,定語從句可由which引出。

Here is something (that) I will tell you.

I want everything (that) I want.

⑥定語從句修飾的詞中同時含有“人”和“物”的名詞時,定語從句只能用that引導:

I can remember well the persons and some picture (that) I see in the room.

⑦定語從句修飾的詞爲one, ones時,定語從句用that引導:

Is it the one (that) you want?

⑧當主句的主語是疑問詞 who或 which來提問時,爲了避免重複,用that引導定語從句:]

Who is the girl that won the first place?

(二) who指人,that除指人外也指物,在從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語可省略,作主語不能省略。

1) The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. (作主語,不可省略)

2) The teacher who spoke at the meeting just now is having a rest in his office. (作主語,不可省略)

3) The boy (who/ that) I like isn’t here now. (作賓語,可省略)

注 意:

who與that指人時可互相代替,但下列情況只能用who不能用that引導的定語從句:

① 先行詞是one,ones,anyone時,定語從句只能用who引導;

② 先行詞爲those時,定語從句只能用who引導;

③ There be句型開頭。

另 注:(1) whom指人,爲who的賓格形式,在句中只作賓語,其前沒有介詞時,也可用who替換使用,也可省略,如:

Who is the teacher (that/ who/ whom) Yanzhen is talking to? (作賓語,可省略)

Who is the teacher to whom Yanzhen is talking? (作賓語,介詞to提到whom前,whom再此不可省略)

(2) whose 指人,也可指物,在從句中作定語,不可省略。如:

The building whose windows face to the south is our school. (作定語,不可省略)

注意:1)在關係代詞that,which,who,whom引導的定語從句中,只有當他們做定語從句的賓語時,纔可以省略。

2) 關係代詞在定語從句中做主語,動詞單複數由其前的名詞或代詞決定。

He who doesn’t study hard won’t pass the exam.

3) 因爲關係代詞或關係副詞在定語從句中已充當一個成分,該從句中不能出現與它重複的成分。

That is the only movie (that)I’d like to see. (對)

That is the only movie (that)I’d like to see it. (錯)

  2017初中英語語法:賓語從句

考察的三個要點:語序,時態,關聯詞。

1.定義:用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。

2.構成:關聯詞+簡單句。

3賓語從句的語序一定是陳述句語序。(who 作主語的從句本身就是陳述句語序)

4賓語從句在複合句中作主句的賓語,連接賓語從句的連詞有that(that在口語中常省略)。 whether,if,和連接代詞what, which, who, whom及連接副詞when, where, how, why。

He knew(that) he should study hard.

他知道他應該努力學習。

Can you tell me which class you are in?

您能告訴我,您在哪一班嗎?

He asked me if he could come in,

他問我他是否能進來。

5.引導賓語從句的關聯詞有三類:

(1)從屬連詞that.如:一般那情況下可以省略。

He told us that he felt ill.

I know he has returned.

注: that在引導賓語從句時也並不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下,that不能省略。

ybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.

(and連接兩個賓語從句,that賓語從句放在and的後面時,that不能省略。)

2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.

(that引導的賓語從句作介詞賓語時,that不能省略。)

he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.(that從句位於句首時,that不可省略。)

我簡直不相信他曾說過這樣的話。

(2)從屬連詞if/whether.如:

I doubt whether he will succeed.

I don’t know if you can help me.

(3)連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,

whichever

連接副詞 where,when,how,why.

Who or what he was,Martin never learned.

I wonder what he’s writing to me about.

I’ll tell you why I asked you to come.

注意

1.如果賓語從句後還有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,而將賓語從句後置。

We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.

He has made it clear that he will not give in.

2.某些形容詞或過去分詞後常接賓語從句,這類形容詞或過去分詞有sure,glad,certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied等,連詞that可省略。

I am not sure what I ought to do.

I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said.

I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before.

Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.

3.連詞whether (…or not)或if引導的賓語從句

if和whether引導的賓語從句可以互換使用,但whether常和or not連用,

if一般不與or not連用。如:

I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。

用if引導賓語從句如果會引起歧義,應避免使用if而用wheter.試比較:

Please let me know if you want to go.

Please let me know whether you want to go.

if從句可理解爲賓語從句,意爲“請告訴我你是否想去”;此句又可理解爲條件狀語從句意爲“如果你想去的話,請告訴我一聲”。

4.賓語從句的否定轉移。在think,believe,suppose,expect等動詞後的賓語從句,有時謂語儘管是否定意思,卻不用否定形式,而將think等動詞變爲否定形式。如:

I don’t think you are right.

I don’t believe they have finished their work yet.

I don’t suppose he cares,does he? 我想他不在意,是嗎?

5.賓語從句的時態變化規律:

主句 從句

一般現在時 可根據需要用任何時態。

一般過去時 過去的某種時態,例如:一般過去,過去進行,過去完成,過去將來等

注意:說到自然現象和普遍真理時,用一般現在時

The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

3賓語從句應注意的問題

1.時態的一致(主句的時態與從句的時態一致) a.賓語從句中如果主句是現在的時態(包括一般現在時、現在進行時、現在完成時),從句的時態可根據實際情況而定。

I know he lives here.我知道他住在這兒。

I know he lived here ten years ago.

我知道他十年前住在這兒。

I have heard that he will come.

我已經聽說他要來了。

b.賓語從句中如果主句是過去的時態(包括一般過去時、過去進行時),那麼從句的時態一定要用過去的時態(包括一般過去時、過去進行時、過去將來時、過去完成時)。

I know who lives here.我知道誰住在這兒。

I know who lived here 我知道誰住過這兒。

Everyone he asks us if everyone is here.

He asked us if everyone was here.

他問我們是否所有的人都出席了。

He has said that he has seen it.

他說過他已經看了。

He said that he had seen it.

2.語序的變化

a.陳述句變爲賓語從句時,語序不變。

陳述句:He is an honest man.

他是一個誠實的人。

賓語從句:I said he was an honest man.

(連詞that可省)

我說他是一個誠實的人。

陳述句:We'll Win.

我們會贏。

賓語從句:We believe we'll win.

我們相信我們會贏。

b.一般疑問句變爲賓語從句時語序要變爲陳述句語序,用whether,if連接。

一般疑問句:Does he study hard?

他學習認真嗎?

賓語從句:I wonder if(whether)he studies hard.

我不知道他是否認真學習。

一般疑問句:Will they win?他們會贏嗎?

賓語從句:I asked if(whether) they would win.

我問他們是否會贏。

c.特殊疑問句變爲賓語從句時語序要變爲陳述句語序,用連接代詞或副詞(即保留原來的疑問詞)。

特殊疑問句:Who is he?

他是誰?

賓語從句:Do you know who he is?

你知道他是誰嗎?

特殊疑問句:What does he want?

他要什麼?

賓語從句:I don't know what he wants.

我不知道他要什麼。

注意

Who went there?

(特殊疑問句)

誰去那裏呢?

I wonder who

went there.

(賓語從句)

我不知道誰去那裏。

因爲是對主語提問,所以特殊疑問句語序不變。變爲賓語從句時,語序依然不變。

特殊疑問句:When did he leave?

他何時離開的?

賓語從句:I know when he left.

我知道他是什麼時候離開的。

特殊疑問句:Where will he arrive?

他將會到哪裏呢?

賓語從句:He asked me where he would arrive.

他問我他將會到哪裏。

他說他已經看了。


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