新概念4學習筆記：第49課 Through the Tunnel
本文選自吳應時的《應時新概念英語4》，是學習新概念英語第四冊的輔助學習筆記，提供知識點精講及解析，想知道具體都有哪些內容，那就一起來看看吧。
第一段語法符號詳解：
1. He put on…fitted…tested…
並列句，主謂賓結構，後兩句省略了主語 he. 翻譯的理解跟原文有些不一樣，原文的狀態可能是繫牢了以後，把頭放水中，看看是否漏氣.
2. His hands were shaking.
簡單句，主系表結構.
3. he chose the biggest stone and slipped over the edge until…
複合句，主句爲兩個主謂賓結構的並列句，until 引導的時間狀語從句爲主系表結構，其中 and 後面的主系表結構省略了系動詞 was.
4. He looked up at the empty sky, filled his lungs, and sank to the bottom…
並列句，三句均爲主謂賓結構，這裏 fast 修飾謂語動詞 sink，所以 fast 作副詞解快速地下沉.
5. He let it go and began to count.
並列句，前句主謂賓+賓補結構，and 後句爲省略了主語的主謂結構.
6. He took the edges and drew himself into it…as…
複合句，主句爲 and 連接的兩個句子，前句爲主謂賓結構，後句爲主謂賓+賓補結構，但是省略了主語.
後面 wriggling…sideways 和 kicking…feet 短語爲伴隨狀語，其中 as he remembered he must 爲 as 引導的方式狀語從句，爲主謂+賓語從句結構，he must 即爲賓語從句，該從句省略了 that.
翻譯在這裏打散了原文的表達，重新予以了組織，文學翻譯更像是再創作.
第二段語法符號詳解：
1. he was clear.
簡單句，主系表結構，此處翻譯似乎有誤，表語應爲 clear，而非 inside，意思是主人公在洞裏面看清楚了，很明白自己的處境，he was clear about the situation. 所以下一句描述其所處的洞中是什麼情況. 改譯：他在洞中很快就看清楚了.
2. He was in a hole…
簡單句，主系表結構. 後面是過去分詞短語作定語修飾 hole.
3. The water was pushing him up…
簡單句，主謂賓+賓補結構.
4. The roof was sharp and pained his back.
並列句，以 and 分爲前後兩句，前句爲主系表結構，後句爲省略了主語的主謂賓結構. 原文是洞頂很堅硬，刺痛了背，翻譯做了理解，洞頂上堅硬的也是石塊，所以在處理上，跟上一句一起來翻譯.
5. He pulled himself and used his legs as levers.
並列句，以 and 分爲前後兩句，前句主謂賓結構，後句爲省略了主語的主謂賓+賓補結構，兩個 fast 爲插入語.
6. His head knocked against something; a pain dizzied him.
並列句，以分號相連，兩句均爲簡單句，均爲主謂賓結構. dizzied 是 dizzy 的過去分詞，dizzy 在這裏作動詞解，常用作形容詞.
7. He was without light, and the water seemed to press upon him…
並列句，以 and 分爲前後兩句，前句爲主系表結構，後句爲主謂賓結構. 這裏原文表達的意思是，海水以岩石的重量壓迫着主人公.
8. There was no strain…
there be 句型，主人公一直在憋氣，憋到了 70 多下，肺部仍未感到壓力，翻譯寫爲氣悶，非常精準.
9. He felt like a balloon, his lungs were light and easy, but his head was pulsing…
並列句，三句均爲主系表結構.
第三段語法符號詳解：
1. He was being pressed against the sharp roof, which…
複合句，主句主謂賓結構，後跟一個 which 引導的定語從句，爲主系表結構.
2. he thought of octopuses, and wondered if…that…
並列複合句，以 and 分爲前後兩句，前句爲簡單句，主謂賓結構，後句爲省略了主語的主謂+賓語從句結構，if 引導的賓語從句爲主謂賓結構，其中包含 that 引導的定語從句修飾 weed，定語從句爲主謂賓結構.
3. He gave himself a kick, ducked his head, and swam.
並列句，三個主謂賓結構的句子並列，首句爲雙賓語結構，直接賓語爲 a kick，間接賓語爲 himself，後兩句則省略了主語 he. 單詞 convulsive 在(46.1.4)出現過，而 duck爲動詞，取躲閃之意.
譯文中將 panicky, convulsive 兩詞分成了前後兩句來處理，原文的字面意思爲帶着恐懼而抽搐地一蹬，躲閃着頭，向前游去. 因爲害怕海藻纏腳，萬不可猛蹬，只能慢一 點，抖一抖地蹬腿.
4. His feet and hands moved…
簡單句，主謂結構. 這裏 open water 應指開闊的海面，也就是主人公本身不鑽隧道的話，在海上游泳的感覺.
5. The hole must have widened out.
簡單句，主謂結構. 譯文將此句放在了段末.
6. He thought he…, and he was frightened of banging his head if…
並列複合句，本句以 and 連接，前句爲主謂+賓語從句結構，thought 後面爲省略了 that 的賓語從句，and 後句則爲主謂賓結構+一個 if 引導的條件狀語從句，該從句爲主謂結構.
第四段語法符號詳解：
1. The water paled.
簡單句，主謂結構.
2. Victory filled him.
簡單句，主謂賓結構.
3. His lungs were beginning to hurt.
簡單句，主謂結構.
4. he would be out.
簡單句，主系表結構.
5. He was counting…; he said…
並列句，以分號相連，前句主謂結構，後句主謂賓結構，這裏是又數了一次 115.
6. The water was a clear jewel-green…
簡單句，主系表結構，表語就是一種顏色，翻譯中將 jewel 處理爲寶石一般的後置定語，非常巧妙. all around him 爲介詞短語作後置定語.
7. he saw a crack…
簡單句，主系表結構，後面是現在分詞短語作後置定語.
8. Sunlight was falling through it…
簡單句，主謂賓結構，it 指上句的 crack，縫隙. 後面是伴隨狀語，mussel 即青口.從(49.5.4)句的 ahead 可知，此句的 ahead 亦是指洞口，光亮照進來，周邊仍是黑暗，而非指洞的深處.
第五段語法符號詳解：
1. He was at the end…
簡單句，主系表結構. 後面 of 引導的定語中，what 引導的從句作介詞 of 的賓語，屬於成分中的細分，有倒裝，正常語序爲 he could do what.
2. He looked up at the crack as if…, as if…
複合句，主句主謂賓結構，後跟兩個 as if 引導的方式狀語從句，常用虛擬語氣， 兩句均爲主謂賓結構，第二句跟了兩個狀語，分別表方向和目的.
3. he heard himself say…but he had said that…
並列句，以 but 連接，首句爲主謂賓+賓補結構，句首的 115 其實是補語 say 的賓語；後句則是主謂賓結構.
4. He must go on into the blackness…, or he would drown.
並列句，前句爲主謂賓結構，後句爲主謂結構.
5. His head was swelling, (and) his lungs were cracking.
並列句，兩句均爲主系表結構，因後句省略了系動詞 were，所以後句不算完整的句子，可以用逗號，否則要麼在逗號後面加 and，要麼將逗號改爲分號. 本句的翻譯在順序上有所調整.
6. a hundred and fifteen pounded through his head, and he clutched at rocks…
並列句，兩句均爲主謂賓結構. 後面跟了兩個現在分詞短語作伴隨狀語.
7. He felt (that) he was dying.
複合句，主句主謂+賓語從句結構，從句則爲主謂結構.
8. He was conscious.
簡單句，主系表結構.
9. He struggled on…
簡單句，主謂結構.
10. An immense, swelling pain filled his head, and the darkness cracked.
並列句，兩句均爲主謂（賓）結構.
11. His hands met nothing; and his feet propelled him out…
並列句，以分號相連，前句爲主謂賓結構，後句爲主謂賓+賓補結構. 兩個現在分詞短語均作後置定語.
[學習提示] 本文的句子結構較爲簡單，多使用簡單句，尤其是主系表結構，複合句不多，在文學作品的閱讀中，詞彙量往往成爲閱讀障礙.
