職場達人管理實踐的八種方法英語

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You can't change the number of hours in a day, but you can fill them more efficiently, with less stress and mental effort. You've likely heard this before, and perhaps your past efforts at time management have been, well, a waste of time. But most people's attempts to increase productivity get derailed by two virtues of modern living: technology and options.

一天有多少個小時，你改變不了。可是，你可以更輕鬆有效地度過這段時間。很可能你之前聽說過，也曾浪費時間在時間管理上的。但是，因爲現代生活帶來的科技和選擇兩大便利，大多數人想要提高效率的各種嘗試都偏軌了。

Today's onslaught of tech -- smartphones, iPads, search engines, social media -- is fragmenting our attention spans, gumming our mental gears with useless facts, and turning us into surface-level thinkers. At the same time, all the communication choices we have today -- email, IM, text, Skype or Gmail chat -- are thwarting efficiency.

今日的科技衝擊——智能手機，蘋果平板，搜索引擎，社交媒體——正在分散我們的注意廣度，用無用的事實影響我們的心理裝備，與此同時將我們變成膚淺的思考者。同時，所有可用的交流方式——郵件，實時通訊，短信，網絡電話或者谷歌聊天——都在阻礙效率。

But we don't have to give up technology to regain control. "You need to set expectations of yourself and other people," says Daniel Markovitz, a blogger on time management for the Harvard Business Review. "You need to say, 'Here's the Bat Phone number. Use it if there's an emergency. Otherwise, leave me alone to do my job.'" Here, eight ways to manage time.

但是，我們不用放棄科技去重掌時間。“你需要給自己和他人定好期望，”爲《哈佛商業評論》寫關於時間管理博文的丹尼爾·馬科維茨講道。你需要說清楚，“這是私人電話號碼。有緊急事情可以打。否則，不要打擾我工作。”以下是八種時間管理的方式。

　　1. Finish simple tasks

　　1. 完成簡單的任務

Always complete easy tasks, like reading a memo -- never switch between small projects. "The mind holds only about seven pieces of information at a time," says Carnegie Mellon psychologist David Creswell. "If you switch to other tasks, those pieces of information get scrambled and need to be relearned. It's a complete time waster." Bottom Line: Don't try to do two simple tasks at once.

記得完成簡單的任務，比如讀便箋——絕對不要在簡單的任務之間切換。“大腦一次最多可以保存七條信息，”卡耐基梅隆大學的心理學家大衛·克雷斯韋爾講道。“如果你轉而去做其他，這些已有信息被擾亂，就需要重新獲取了。這純屬浪費時間。”底線是：不要試着一次去完成兩項簡單的任務。

　　2. Build willpower

　　2. 培養意志力

Willpower is key to efficiency -- and just like the muscles in your body, if you exercise it more frequently, you can improve it.

意志力是高效的關鍵——就如你身體的肌肉一樣，鍛鍊越多，越能提升。

Florida State University psychologist Roy Baumeister found that making people perform simple willpower exercises -- like using their nondominant hand to open doors or brush their teeth -- strengthened their focus during more important tasks.

弗羅裏達州立大學的心理學家羅伊·鮑邁斯特發現，讓人們做簡單的意志力練習——比如用不慣用的手去開門或者刷牙——能讓他們在做重要任務時加強注意力。

"When you practice overriding habitual ways, you are exerting deliberate control over your actions," says Baumeister. "If you can get people to do willpower exercises like these, it will improve how well they manage their time and help them develop the willpower to make better decisions." Hone your willpower by breaking a routine like driving the same way to work or by giving up a bad habit like junk food for a week.

“當你練習戰勝慣常方式時，你在特意地控制自己的行爲，” 鮑邁斯特講道。“做這些意志力練習會幫助人們提高時間管理的能力，同時鍛鍊他們的意志力從而做出更好的決定。”打破常規的習慣——比如每天開同樣的路回家，或者堅持一星期放棄壞習慣——比如垃圾食品，能幫助你培養意志力。

Willpower gets depleted when you use it too much -- which is why judges and surgeons, who make decisions all day, begin to make generic or underinformed ones later on. Avoid making major decisions after a series of hard choices. When possible, make the toughest decisions when your willpower is strongest -- in the morning for most, says Baumeister. You can identify this time by experience, he says. Are you more likely to forgo a workout in the morning or afternoon? Do you get more done at work when you first get in or before you leave?

意志力，用太多就少了——這就是爲何整日做決定的法官和外科醫生，時間久了會開始做泛泛的、信息不足的決定。避免在一系列艱難的抉擇之後做任何重大決定。可能的話，在意志力最強的時候做最艱難的決定——對大多數人而言是早晨，鮑邁斯特講道。你可以通過練習找出這個時間，他說。你更可能在早晨還是下午取消健身計劃?你會在剛到公司時還是下班離開前做更多的工作?

　　3. Break up complex tasks

　　3. 分解複雜的任務

Complex tasks like building a budget differ from simple ones: You can complete them more quickly and efficiently by breaking them up. Creswell found people who had to complete challenging tasks did so more effectively when they took a two-minute break and worked on something completely different -- for example, doing a crossword when trying to finish your taxes.

諸如做預算這樣的複雜任務和簡單任務不同：分解後，你可以更快速有效地完成。克雷斯韋爾發現當人們花兩分鐘時間的中斷時間去做完全不同的事情時，可以更高效地完成挑戰性的工作——比如，在結算稅務的間歇做做填字遊戲。

"Your brain is unconsciously processing information during distractor tasks, and it does a better job," Creswell says. "Even a two-minute period of checking email can have a beneficial effect." But note he's not advising multitasking here -- always learn the contours of a problem thoroughly before distracting yourself with a menial task for a few minutes. Also, choose something completely different from your main project. "The more distinct it is, the better," he says.

“當你轉移注意力時，大腦在不知不覺地處理信息，而且這樣的效果更好，” 克雷斯韋爾講道。“即使只是花兩分鐘去查郵件也很有益。”但是注意他不是提倡同時處理多項任務——在用小事轉移注意力之前，總要先徹底弄懂大問題的概要。同時，選和你的主要項目完全不同的事情來做。“越不同越好，”他講道。

　　4. Develop Google discipline

　　4. 限制網上搜索

Gorging on all the data available today has made us a nation of distracted thinkers. How many times have you searched for an answer online only to find yourself wandering through a hyperlink forest, gobbling up factoids, switching from LinkedIn to Facebook to email?

現今，吞食所有可用信息讓我們的國家充斥着注意力渙散的思考者。有多少次，你在網上搜尋答案，最終卻發現自己被淹沒在超鏈接的森林裏，風捲殘雲般略過各種說法，從“領英網”調到“臉譜網”，再跳去郵箱?

Research shows when people look for an answer on the Web, they visit too many sites when only one or two would do. Limit your searching to what you need for a project. Whenever possible, turn off all other technology, like email and your phone, when completing a project on your computer.

研究顯示， 在網上搜尋答案時，事實上只有一兩個網站就可以提供解答，而人們往往會去瀏覽很多網站。在項目工作中，限制自己的搜尋在需要範圍內。用電腦做項目時，可能的時候，關掉諸如郵箱和電話的其他所有高科技。

　5. Keep a calendar, not a to-do list

　　5. 安排日程表，而不是待辦清單

To-do lists are ineffective because they lack context: Research shows people leave the most difficult tasks undone at the end of the day. Instead, Markovitz advises laying out blocks of time for each task. "I tell people to have a healthy relationship with their calendars," he says. "How can you prioritize if you don't know how much time you have? You need to make mindful decisions about the finite amount of time you have to work." Blocking out time provides structure and gives you micro-deadlines to complete tasks. Leave a few empty spaces for inevitable crises and interruptions, and to make room for tasks that may take longer.

待辦清單缺乏內容，因爲不是很有效：研究表明一天結束的時候，人們最難的任務往往還沒做。與此相對，馬科維茨建議給每項任務分配時間版塊。“我告訴人們要和自己的日程表建立健康的關係，”他講道，“如果你都不知道自己有多少時間可用，怎麼去安排優先級?你要在自己有限的工作時間裏，有意識地做決定。“標出時間版塊能讓你更有條理，同時幫你給各項任務設置了微觀的截止時間。記得留出空白時間給無可避免的危機和干擾，以及可能需要延長工作時間的任務。

　　6. Pull, don't push

　　6. 提取信息，而非推送

Most of us are bombarded with emails, calls, and requests that don't necessarily need our attention that moment -- or even that day.

我們中的大多數人，每天都被郵件、電話和要求轟炸，而這些大都是不需要我們當下——或者甚至當天就去注意。

"People push information on us when it's ready, not when we need it," says Markovitz. Instead, Markovitz suggests pulling information when needed rather than passively receiving it anytime.

“人們在準備就緒時講信息推向我們，而不是在我們需要的時候，” 馬科維茨講道。與此相對，馬科維茨建議在需要的時候去提取信息，而不是任何時候都被動地接收信息。

How to pull, not push? If a project is complicated and involves multiple people, talk about it instead of emailing. Don't constantly check and respond to emails – process messages in batches, like once every three hours. Create an email signature that says you don't have time to respond to everything, and if it's urgent, to call. The same goes for meetings: Do you really need to be there? "You need to set expectations," says Markovitz. "You need to slow down the avalanche of information coming at you.

"怎樣去提取，而不是推送呢?當項目本身複雜同時有多方人員參與時，與其發郵件，不如口頭交流。不要頻繁地查看和回覆郵件——批量處理信息，比如每三小時一次。創建一個電子簽名，說明你沒有時間回覆所有郵件，有緊急事件請打電話。開會也一樣：你一定要在場麼?“你需要設定期望值，” 馬科維茨講道。“你需要放慢奔涌而來的信息。”

　　7. Limit your choices

　　7. 限制你的日常選擇

While you can't change the number of decisions you make for your job, you can limit daily choices at home. For instance, President Obama wears only blue or gray suits to curb unnecessary decisions. He also uses "decision" memos with three check boxes: agree, disagree and discuss.

你無法改變出於工作需求所做的決定數量，卻可以限制自己在家的選擇。比如，奧巴馬總統只穿藍色和灰色西裝以避免不必要的選擇。他也使用只有三個選項的“決定”便箋：同意，不同意和再議。

"Too much choice is paralyzing," says Sheena Iyengar, a Columbia University business professor. "You walk into your office and a bazillion people will come at you from every side -- emails, calls, meetings. Ask yourself: Are you being proactive or just reacting? If you're reacting, then half the day goes by before you say, 'Wait a minute, what am I supposed to be working on?'" Establish routines that let you focus on what you need to do first.

“選擇太多讓人不知所措，”哥倫比亞大學商業學教授席娜·艾揚格講道。“你走進辦公室，一大撥人從四面八方向你襲來——通過郵件，電話和會議。問問你自己：現在的你，是主動的，還是隻在被動接收?如果你實在被動反應，那麼在你講“等等，我該幹什麼來着?”之前，大半天已經過去了。建立例行程序，讓自己首先集中在需要做的事情上。

　8. Prep the night before

　　8. 前一天做好準備

While it's important to get a good night's sleep, the time just before bed is ideal for getting your thoughts together for the next day -- and not just because it lessens what you have to do tomorrow.

好的睡眠固然重要，然而睡前時間是爲第二天整理思緒的理想時段——不僅僅因爲這樣做可以減輕明天的工作任務。

Scans of sleeping people show our brains work on solving problems when we're not awake, so reviewing a little work before bed helps imprint on your brain exactly what needs to be solved. "We've all had that aha moment in the shower the next morning," says Creswell. "That's because you've let the unconscious mind operate organically on the imprinted information." But avoid overly stressful projects before bed, which may cause you to toss and turn with worry. And don't work on anything with a screen within an hour of bed: Studies show the blue light in screens can lead to fitful sleep.

對入睡後人們的大腦掃描顯示：在我們沒醒着的時候，大腦在自行解決問題，因此睡前小小地回顧下工作可以幫助大腦留下印象，知道在睡眠階段應該解決什麼問題。“第二天清晨洗澡時，我們都有過靈光乍現的瞬間，” 克雷斯韋爾講道。“那是因爲你讓大腦在留下信息印象之後無意識地運轉了。”但是避免在睡前去想壓力很大的項目，這樣做可能會讓你輾轉憂慮。而且，睡前一小時不要對着屏幕做事：研究顯示屏幕輻射出的藍光會讓睡眠斷斷續續。