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　　無糖汽水會使人沮喪嗎?

Does Diet Soda Cause Depression?

無糖汽水會使人沮喪嗎?

It’s time to go again to the A Moment of Science mailbag. A listener writes:

又到了抽取《科學一刻》信箱來信的時間了。一位聽衆這樣寫到：

Dear A Moment of Science,

I keep hearing about how diet soda is bad for you. This is troubLing, since I drink lots of the stuff because has zero calories. So, is diet soda really bad? And if so, why?

親愛的《科學一刻》欄目：

我聽說無糖汽水對身體有害。

這可是件麻煩事，因爲自從我聽說無糖汽水不含熱量後我就喝了很多。所以說，無糖汽水真是有害的嗎?如果是，那原因呢?

Well, the most accurate we can offer to the first question is “maybe.” As for why? We don’t really know.

好了，我能給第一個問題最爲精確的回答是“可能”。至於爲什麼?我實際上也不知道。

Linking Studies

相關研究

To elaborate, a few studies have found links between sweetened beverages including fruit drinks and regular and diet soda and depression.

確切的說，少有研究發現甜味飲料，包括果汁，含糖和無糖汽水與沮喪情緒有關。

For example, one study by researchers at the National Institutes of Health looked at survey data from more than 260,000 people. Those who drank at least four cans of regular soda per day were 30 percent more likely to have been diagnosed with depression. People who drank diet soda were even more prone to depression, at 31 people who drank four or more cans of fruit drinks were the most vulnerable, being 51 percent more likely to be diagnosed with depression.

例如，國立衛生研究院研究人員做了一項26萬多人的調研，每天飲用超過四罐含糖汽水的人，就有30%被診斷出可能患有沮喪情緒症。31%飲用無糖汽水的人更容易情緒沮喪，飲用四罐或者更多果汁的人更加脆弱，高達51%的人可能會遭受沮喪情緒的困擾。

Correlation Does Not Equal Causation

相關聯繫不等於因果關係

To be clear, the study found an association, not necessarily a causal link. In other words, it’s not clear that drinking diet soda actually causes depression.

需要說明的是，這一研究找到的是相關性，而不是必然的因果聯繫。

But it’s also possible that something in sweetened drinks does in fact cause or at least raise the risk for depression. More research will help sort that out.

So it seems reasonable to conclude that if you have a family history of depression, it may not be a bad idea to lay off sweetened drinks. Even if studies have not proven that they trigger depression, there is a link.

換句話說，還不清楚無糖汽水是否真的會導致情緒沮喪。但是，依然有可能的是甜飲料中的某些物質確實導致或者至少增加了情緒沮喪的風險。更多研究將會支持這一結論。因此，似乎有理由認爲，如果有抑鬱症家族史的人，停止飲用甜味飲料可能不是個壞主意。即使研究沒有證明它們能觸發抑鬱，但也據有相關性。

　　懂音樂的動物有哪些?

Musical Mammals

懂音樂的動物有哪些?

Think humans are the only creatures capable of grooving to a beat? Think again. Turns out a growing number of animals are just as musically inclined.

人類是唯一能夠隨着節拍起舞的生物嗎?不是。事實上，越來越多的動物顯示出音樂天賦。

Beyond Parrots

除鸚鵡之外

Now, you may already know that parrots and other birds that mimic human speech are also good at keeping time to a musical beat. Scientists think it’s a side effect of repeating human speech sounds.

你可能已經知道鸚鵡和其他一些能夠模仿人類語言的鳥類也擅於把握音樂節拍。科學家認爲這是它們重複人類語言聲音而產生的副作用。

But researchers have found that both sea lions and bonobos are also capable of bopping to a beat. Researchers beat a drum at around 280 beats per minute and found that bonobos were able to pick up the beat and play it on a specially designed drum.

但是，研究人員發現，海獅和倭黑猩猩也有樂感。研究人員以每分鐘約280次的速度擊鼓，發現倭黑猩猩能夠跟上節奏，並在一個特製的鼓上演奏出來。

Now, given that bonobos are closely related to humans, their rhythmic ability might not sound very surprising. In the wild, bonobos are known to beat on hollow trees. But sea lions are a different story they’re not known to follow or pick up a beat.

由於倭黑猩猩是人類的“近親”，它們具有節奏感也許並不稀奇。在野外，倭黑猩猩以能在中空的樹上擊打出節奏而聞名。但海獅卻不一樣，人們可從不知道它們能跟上節拍。

So it was surprising when researchers working with a sea lion they named Ronan were able to train her to bob her head in time to different tempos.

因此當研究人員同一只名叫羅南的海獅共同協作，訓練它能夠隨着不同的節拍搖頭晃腦就十分令人驚奇了。

More Widespread

更多有樂感的動物

Beyond the fact that teaching a sea lion to groove to a beat is pretty cool, it also suggests that the ability may be much more widespread in the animal kingdom than we’ve assumed, and that keeping time to a beat is not limited to animals able to mimic human speech.

訓練海獅“聞拍起舞”十分有範兒，但也這表明動物王國中有樂感的動物也許要比我們想象的多，能跟上節拍的動物也不僅限於能夠“學舌”的動物。

So we may not yet be at the point where we’ll see rock bands with seals or apes on drums, but when it comes to music, humans and other animals appear to have more in common than meets the eye.

也許目前我們還看不到一個由海豹或猩猩組成的搖滾樂隊，但是，在音樂方面，人類和其他動物似乎比表面上看起來有更多共同點。