現實版的摩登家庭什麼樣 A Portrait of the Modern Family

Children are much more likely than not to grow up in a household in which their parents work, and in nearly half of all two-parent families today, both parents work full time, a sharp increase from previous decades.

如今，孩子更有可能生活在父母是上班族的家庭。在近一半的雙親家庭中，父母雙方都有全職工作。同此前幾十年相比，這一比例大幅增加。

What hasn't changed: the difficulty of balancing it all. Working parents say they feel stressed, tired, rushed and short on quality time with their children, friends, partners or hobbies, according to a new Pew Research Center survey.

沒變的是：取得平衡的難度。皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)的最新調查顯示，上班族父母表示自己感到緊張、疲憊、匆忙，缺少與孩子、友人、伴侶好好相處的時間，沒時間顧及興趣愛好。

The survey found something of a stress gap by race and education. College-educated parents and white parents were significantly more likely than other parents to say work-family balance is difficult.

調查發現，種族和受教育程度不同，壓力也有所不同。上過大學的父母和白人父母說難以平衡工作和家庭的比例明顯高於其他父母。

The data are the latest to show that while family structure seems to have permanently changed, public policy, workplace structure and mores have not seemed to adjust to a norm in which both parents work.

這些最新數據表明，儘管家庭結構似乎發生了永久性的改變，但公共政策、職場結構和社會習俗，似乎還沒有適應父母雙方都要工作這個常態。

“This is not an individual problem, it is a social problem,” said Mary Blair-Loy, a sociologist and the founding director of the Center for Research on Gender in the Professions at the University of California, San Diego. “This is creating a stress for working parents that is affecting life at home and for children, and we need a societal-wide response.”

“這不是個人問題，而是一個社會問題，”加州大學聖迭戈分校職場性別研究中心(Center for Research on Gender in the Professions)的創始人與主任、社會學家瑪麗·布萊爾-洛伊(Mary Blair-Loy)說。“這給有工作的家長和他們的孩子造成了壓力，影響了家庭生活，我們需要有整個社會層面的應對。”

She said policies like paid family leave and after-school child care would significantly ease parents' stress. Yet today, families mostly figure out the juggle on their own.

她表示，帶薪家庭假和課外兒童看護等政策，都會顯著緩解父母的壓力。但目前，各個家庭大多是獨自應對這個難題的。

In most cases, that means women still do the majority of the child care and housework — particularly managing the mental checklists of children's schedules and needs — even when both parents work full time, according to the Pew survey and other research. Just don't tell fathers that. They are much more likely than mothers to say they share responsibilities equally.

皮尤研究中心的調查和其他研究顯示，多數情況下這意味着，即便父母雙方都有全職工作，照顧孩子和家務，特別是管理記錄着孩子的日程安排和需求的清單，大部分仍由母親負責。不用告訴父親們這一點。他們比母親更有可能說，自己平均地分擔了職責。

Aimee Barnes, 33, and Jakub Zielkiewicz, 31, both work full time at the California Environmental Protection Agency and are the parents of Roman, 15 months. They said they knew they were lucky to have help, like flexible schedules and extended family nearby. Still, figuring out how to manage work and parenting has been hard.

33歲的艾梅·巴恩斯(Aimee Barnes)和31歲的雅各布·齊耶凱維奇(Jakub Zielkiewicz)都是加利福尼亞州環境保護局的全職員工。兩人的孩子羅曼(Roman)已經15個月大了。他們說自己運氣好，得到了一些幫助，如彈性工作制和住在附近的大家庭。但想方設法做到工作和育兒兩不誤並非易事。

“You basically just always feel like you're doing a horrible job at everything,” Barnes said. “You're not spending as much time with your baby as you want, you're not doing the job you want to be doing at work, you're not seeing your friends hardly ever.”

“總的來說就是，總覺得好像什麼事都做得很糟，”巴恩斯說。“不能如願以償地花很多時間陪孩子，上班時做的事情也不是自己想做的，幾乎永遠都沒時間見朋友。”

That tension is affecting American family life, Pew found. Fifty-six percent of all working parents say the balancing act is difficult, and those who do are more likely to say that parenting is tiring and stressful, and less likely to find it always enjoyable and rewarding. For example, half of those who said the work-family balance was not difficult said parenting was enjoyable all the time, compared with 36 percent of those who said balance was difficult.

皮尤中心發現，這種緊張影響了美國人的家庭生活。56%的在職父母表示平衡起來很難。認爲平衡困難的人，更有可能說養兒育女累人，壓力大。他們認爲育兒總能令人愉快、有所收穫的可能性也更小。比如，說工作和家庭不難平衡的人中，有一半人表示爲人父母總是讓人感到開心，而說難以做到平衡的人中，只有36%的人這麼認爲。

Of full-time working parents, 39 percent of mothers and 50 percent of fathers say they feel as if they spend too little time with their children. Fifty-nine percent of full-time working mothers say they don't have enough leisure time, and more than half of working fathers say the same.

在全職工作的父母中，39%的母親和50%的父親覺得和孩子在一起的時間太少了。59%的全職母親說自己的閒暇時間不夠，持同樣看法的全職父親的比例超過一半。

Of parents with college degrees, 65 percent said they found it difficult to balance job and family; 49 percent of nongraduates said the same. Pew did not investigate why, but one reason might be that professional workers are more likely than hourly workers to be expected to work even after they leave the office. However, they also tend to have more flexibility during the day. The survey also found that white parents were more than 10 percentage points more likely to express stress than nonwhite parents.

在有大學學位的家長中，65%的人說他們覺得難以平衡工作和家庭。非大學畢業生中，持這一觀點者的比例是49%。皮尤中心沒深究這是爲什麼，但其中一個原因可能是，專業人士離開辦公室後，還要工作的可能性比計時工種大，不過他們白天的靈活性也更強。調查還發現，白人父母表示有壓力的可能性，比非白人父母高出逾10個百分點。

In 46 percent of two-parent households, both work full time, according to Pew, up from 31 percent in 1970. The share of households with a mother who stays home has declined to 26 percent from 46 percent. Pew surveyed a nationally representative sample of 1,807 parents in every state on both landlines and cellphones.

根據皮尤的調查，雙親家庭中，46%的家庭裏父母雙方都有全職工作，1970年的比例是31%。母親在家當主婦的家庭比例，從46%下降到了26%。皮尤中心通過座機和手機對1807名家長進行了抽樣調查。這些家長每個州的都有，能代表全國的情況。

Other data also show that working parents are the new norm. Sixty percent of children now live in households where all the parents at home work at least part time, up from 40 percent in 1965, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the White House Council of Economic Advisers.

其他一些數據也表明，父母要工作是新常態。美國勞工統計局(Bureau of Labor Statistics)和白宮經濟顧問委員會(White House Council of Economic Advisers)的數據顯示，家裏父母都至少有兼職工作的孩子的比例，從1965年的40%，上升到了現在的60%。

The shift has economic implications. The median household income for a family in which both parents work full time is $102,400, according to Pew, compared with $84,000 when mothers work part time and $55,000 when they stay home.

這種轉變有它的經濟影響。皮尤中心的數據顯示，父母都有全職工作的家庭收入中位數是102400美元，母親做兼職的家庭是84000美元，母親當家庭主婦的家庭是55000美元。

There is a gender divide in parents' perceptions of how much responsibility they take on, Pew found. Fifty-six percent of fathers say they share equally, while only 46 percent of mothers agree.

皮尤中心的調查發現，在對各自應承擔了多少育兒職責的看法上，存在性別差異。56%的父親認爲自己平均分擔了職責，但只有46%的母親同意這種說法。

“As they're being squeezed harder at work, the pressures for egalitarian parenting are increasing at home,” Blair-Loy said. “They're doing more than their fathers ever did and they have a belief in egalitarianism, so of course they want to interpret it as equal.”

“隨着工作壓力加大，在家裏平均分配育兒職責的壓力也在增加，”布萊爾-洛伊說。“他們做的比自己父親當年做的多，又相信平等主義，因而當然希望把它解釋成平均分配。”

Asked about the division of household chores, Sean O'Malley, 37, a biotech consultant and father of Fiona, 11 months, said: “I think we're dividing pretty equally. And if it's not equal, then we certainly want it to be.”

被問及家務分配時，37歲的肖恩·奧馬利(Sean O’Malley)說：“我覺得我們分配得很平均。而且如果分配不均，我們肯定也希望能做到平均。”他是一名生物科技顧問，孩子菲奧娜(Fiona)現在11個月大。

“I'd say I do more,” said his wife, Anne Mercogliano, 33, a marketing executive at Twitter.

“我想說我做的多一些，”他妻子安妮·梅爾科利亞諾(Anne Mercogliano)說。33歲的她是Twitter的一名營銷主管。