奧運項目大講堂:強身健體花樣百出的體操

A perfect fusion of athletics and aesthetics, gymnastics ranks among the defining sports of the Olympic Games. Mixing strength and agility with style and grace, the high-flying acrobats have provided many of the most breathtaking Olympic spectacles of the past quarter-century.

Nadia Comeneci's perfect 10 score at the 1976 Montreal Games, the first ever awarded, remains the high-water mark for most gymnastics fans. The 14-year-old Romanian achieved the seemingly impossible seven times in Montreal, a feat so unexpected that the scoring technology was set up for only three digits. Her 10.00s were displayed as 1.00.

Gymnastics has a long, proud history. The sport can be traced back to ancient Greece, where such skills featured in the ancient Olympic Games. Ancient Rome, Persia, India and China practised similar disciplines, mostly aimed at preparing young men for battle. The word itself derives from the Greek word gymnos, meaning naked - dress requirements for athletes in those days were minimal, to say the least.

據專家研究，我國古代體操有兩類：一類是強健筋骨預防疾病的體操，其中，最有代表性的是古代藥學名著《內經》中的“導引養身術”。出土的導引圖，距今已有2100多年之久，不僅年代早，而且內容非常豐富：有肢體運動、呼吸運動、器械運動等。另一類存在於古代樂舞、雜技、戲劇和流傳於民間的技巧運動中。現代體操的正式名稱是競技體操，它是體操的一分支，而又簡稱爲體操。這是一項在規定的器械上，完成複雜、協調的動作，並根據動作的分值或動作的難度、編排與完成情況等給予評分的運動。

器械及項目名稱
體操 gym, gymnastics
屈體跳 piked jump
鞍馬 buck
高槓 high bar
肩倒立 shoulder stand
吊環 hand ring
規定動作 required routine
蹦牀 bounding table
雙槓 parallel bars
單槓 horizontal bar
高低槓 uneven bars
平衡木 balance beam
體操凳 gym bench
藝術體操 artistic gymnastics
自由體操 floor exercise
圈操 hoop exercise
繩操 rope exercise
啞鈴操 dumbbell exercise
棒操 exercise with clubs
帶操 exercise with ribbons
跳馬 vault
跳板 vaulting block技術動作
後手翻 back handspring
前手翻 front handspring
側手翻 cartwheel
屈體 body bent
後空翻 back flip
跳下動作 dismount
自由騰空 free flight
換握 grip change
倒立轉體 handstand turn
擺動倒立 handstand with swing
挺身向後翻 fish flop
足尖跑　running on toes
助跑 running approach
小步跑 skips and hops
徒手 free hand
大回環 giant swing
馬步跳 gallop leap
分腿跨越 stride vault
落地不穩 unbalanced landing
足尖站立 stand on tiptoe
跨越 stride leap
空翻 airspring
直體後空翻 back somersault
原地跳 jump in place
旋轉 spinning
單臂倒立 one-arm handstand

托馬斯全旋Thomas circle