奧巴馬 全球化和技術變革引燃民粹主義

Barack Obama has blamed the rise of Donald Trump and Brexit on globalisation, technological change and suspicion of elites among millions of people still suffering the fallout of the 2008 financial crisis.

巴拉克.奧巴馬(Barack Obama)將唐納德.特朗普(Donald Trump)崛起和英國退歐歸咎於全球化、技術變革和因受到2008年金融危機衝擊波影響的數以百萬計的人對精英的懷疑。

Speaking in Athens during his last foreign trip as US president, Mr Obama also criticised the Republican-dominated Congress for blocking many of his policies that were designed to address issues of inequality and people’s fears about the future.

他是在作爲美國總統最後一次出訪期間在雅典發表這番講話的，他還指責由共和黨控制的美國國會否決了他的很多政策，而這些政策旨在解決不平等問題和人們對未來的擔憂。

He said voters had reacted to the disruption caused by globalisation and rapid technological change by producing Mr Trump’s shock victory in last week’s US election and the UK’s vote to leave the EU earlier this year.

他表示，特朗普在上週的美國大選中取得令人震驚的勝利，以及英國在今年早些時候投票脫離歐盟，都源於選民對全球化和快速技術變革造成的破壞作出反應。

Globalisation combined with technology combined with social media and constant information have disrupted peoples lives in very concrete ways — a manufacturing plant closes and suddenly an entire town no longer has what was the primary source of employment — and people are less certain of their national identities or their place in the world, he said.

他表示：全球化、技術以及社交媒體和源源不斷的信息以非常具體的方式擾亂了人們的生活：製造業工廠關閉，突然之間整個城鎮不再擁有主要就業來源，人們對自己的國民身份認同或者他們在世界上的地位變得不那麼確定。

There is no doubt [this] has produced populist movements both from the left and the right in many countries in Europe, he added.

毫無疑問，（這）導致歐洲很多國家出現了左翼和右翼的民粹運動，他補充稱，

When you see a Donald Trump and a Bernie Sanders — very unconventional candidates who had considerable success — then obviously there is something there that is being tapped into: a suspicion of globalisation, a desire to rein in its excesses, a suspicion of elites and governing institutions that people feel may not be responsive to their immediate needs.

當你看到唐納德.特朗普和伯尼.桑德斯(Bernie Sanders)時——他們是高度非常規的候選人，卻取得了巨大成功，顯然存在一些正在被挖掘的思潮：對全球化的懷疑，遏止全球化過分之處的願望，對精英以及治理機構的懷疑，人們覺得這些精英和機構可能沒有對他們的迫切需求做出迴應。

Mr Obama said he had tried to address issues such as economic dislocation in his eight years in the White House but that many of his policies had been blocked by Congress.

奧巴馬錶示，他曾試圖在他擔任總統的8年時間裏解決經濟脫臼等問題，但他的很多政策被國會否決。

The more aggressively we deal with those issues, the less those fears may develop into counterproductive approaches that pit people against each other, he said.

他表示：我們越是積極地處理這些問題，那些擔心就越不可能演變爲事與願違的做法，讓人們互相對抗。

Asked whether he had misread the mood of US voters, he said that despite the country’s economic recovery, people were left with a mixture of fear and anxiety about the future and suspicious of the role of Wall Street and special interests in Washington.

在被問及他是否誤讀了美國選民的情緒時，他表示，儘管美國經濟復甦，但人們仍對未來感到擔心和焦慮並對華爾街和華盛頓特殊利益的角色感到懷疑。

A lot of people thought I did a pretty good job . . . perhaps the mood among the American people was ‘we just need to shake things up’.

很多人認爲我做得相當不錯……或許美國人民的情緒是‘我們只是需要改變一下’。

Mr Obama warned that wrapping people’s genuine concerns in issues of ethnic, religious and cultural identity could be a volatile mix.

奧巴馬警告稱，用種族、宗教和文化認同問題來包裝人們的真正關切可能構成一個不穩定的組合。

Time will now tell whether the prescriptions that are being offered — whether Brexit or with respect to the US election — end up actually satisfying those people who have been fearful or angry or concerned.

時間將告訴我們，目前提供的處方——不管是英國退歐還是美國選舉的事情——最終能否讓那些感到害怕、憤怒或擔心的人滿意。

I think that is going to be an interesting test.

我認爲這將是一場有意思的考驗。