中國應帶頭打破氣候談判僵局

China’s politicians have legitimate historical reasons for expecting the industrialised West to take the lead on dealing with climate change. China is responsible for only 11% of past emissions while the West has flourished from centuries of burning fossil fuels.

從歷史角度看，中國官員們有理由期望已經高度工業化的西方帶頭解決氣候變化問題。中國只佔全球歷史總排放量的11%，而西方已通過幾個世紀的化石燃料使用實現了繁榮。

However, China is now the main decider on the future global temperature and climate of the world, whether it likes it or not.

然而，無論中國樂不樂意，它都已成爲未來全球氣溫和氣候的主要決定因素。

UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon this week invites World Leaders to New York to break the deadlock on negotiating what to do about the international challenge of climate change. This is why my colleagues and I have published our latest annual update on the global carbon budget, to help focus minds. You can view the carbon budget like the housekeeping budget. How much carbon did all countries of the world last year spend, or emit to the atmosphere, and how much have we left to avoid dangerous climate change?

聯合國祕書長潘基文(Ban Ki-Moon)本週邀請世界各國領導人訪問紐約，以期打破全球在應對氣候變化問題上的談判僵局。爲此，我和我的同事們發佈了最新的年度全球“碳排放預算”報告，希望能幫助大家釐清思路。你可以把“碳排放預算”想象成家庭開支預算——全世界所有國家去年花掉了多少預算（或者說向大氣中排放了多少二氧化碳）？若要避免危險的氣候變化，還有多少預算可以花？

We show that measured as CO2 pollution instead of GDP, China is the leading global industrialist. China is not a developing country. In 2013, China put 10 billion tonnes of CO2 pollution into the atmosphere, almost one third of global emissions.

我們的報告顯示，若不以國內生產總值(GDP)、而以二氧化碳污染量來衡量，中國已是全球主要的工業國家之一，而不再是“發展中國家”。2013年，中國向大氣中排放了100億噸二氧化碳，佔全球總排放量的近三分之一。

China has been the largest emitter of CO2 pollution since 2006 when it overtook the US. Emissions in China now exceed the combined emissions of the US and Europe. If trends continue along the current trajectory, by 2019 China’s emissions will overtake the US, Europe and India combined.

中國的二氧化碳排放量在2006年超過美國，自那以來，中國一直是全球最大的碳排放國。中國的碳排放量如今已超過美國和歐洲的總和。按現在的趨勢發展下去，到2019年，中國的碳排放量將超過美國、歐洲和印度的總和。

With China’s per capita emissions now larger than those of Europeans and 45% above the world average, it is difficult to argue against a leadership role for China in solving the international stalemate in climate negotiations, even when considering its lower GDP and the fact that 16% of Chinese emissions are from goods manufactured for elsewhere.

中國的人均碳排放量如今已超過歐洲，是世界平均水平的1.45倍。即便是考慮到中國人均GDP水平仍然較低、以及中國有16%的碳排放源於爲其他地區生產商品，也很難再繼續堅持一個主張，即中國無須在打破氣候談判僵局中扮演主要角色。

Construction of infrastructure is the major driver of China’s rapid economic and emissions growth. Our global carbon budget shows that emissions from existing infrastructure will lead China and the US to exceed their fair access to the remaining CO2 emissions quota on a world per-capita basis. This quota is necessary to keep climate change below two degrees warming above pre-industrial temperatures, a limit that is widely supported by scientists and policymakers around the world, including in China.

基礎設施建設是中國經濟增長的主要驅動力，也是碳排放量迅速增長的主要原因。我們的統計顯示，在中國和美國，來自現有基礎設施的碳排放，會導致這兩國的排放量超過它們在全球剩餘人均碳排放配額中應占的比例。各國科學家和政策制定者——包括中國在內——普遍認同一點：全球氣溫上升，應以高出前工業時代的氣溫2攝氏度爲限，而要將氣溫保持在這一限度內，就必須實施這樣的配額。

The CO2 emissions quota, which gives the world a 66 per cent chance of remaining below 2 degrees is only about one third of that total emitted so far. At current emissions this means that there is just one generation (30 years) before the safeguards to a two-degree limit may be breached.

如遵循這一配額，全球氣溫有66%的機率不超過上述2攝氏度的上限。而這一配額的總量，僅相當於迄今全球二氧化碳總排放量的三分之一。按照現在的排放速度，或許僅僅再有一代人的時間（30年），2攝氏度的上限就會被打破。

The global costs of climate change will be borne locally – more flooding and coastal storm surges, more droughts, strains on food production and health. The benefits of cutting carbon emissions are also regional and local, particularly in the case of China.

全球氣候變化的代價，通常會由一些局部地區承擔——那裏會出現更多的洪澇災害、颱風和旱災，對食物生產和人類健康構成挑戰。同樣，削減碳排放的好處也更多體現在局部地區，特別是就中國而言。

Over 1 million deaths can be attributed each year to severe air pollution in China, said the Lancet Medical Journal. Children and old people are most at risk. Achieving ambitious targets for cutting carbon emissions means less air pollution.

《柳葉刀》(Lancet)稱，中國每年有逾100萬人因嚴重的空氣污染死亡。兒童和老年人面對的風險最大。如果中國能實現艱鉅的減排目標，意味着空氣污染將大幅緩解。

Burning cheaper low-grade coal is more polluting. Coal burning in 2010 produced 3 million tonnes of microscopic particulates and 20 million tonnes of sulphur dioxide emissions that penetrate deep into lungs and the blood stream. These fine particles are classified a Group 1 carcinogen by the cancer agency by the World Health Organization.

燃燒較便宜的低品位煤炭會造成更大的污染。2010年，中國燃煤排放了300萬噸粉塵和2000萬噸二氧化硫。這些精細粉塵會滲入人的肺部和血液中，被世界衛生組織(WHO)歸爲1類致癌物(Group 1 carcinogen)。

Premier Li Keqiang in March declared “war against pollution and fight it with the same determination we battled poverty”. Action to fight air pollution, if well designed, also fights climate change and vice versa.

今年3月，中國總理李克強曾宣稱：“我們要像對貧困宣戰一樣，堅決向污染宣戰。”其實，設計良好的抗污措施，也能有效地緩解氣候變化，反之亦然。

China could also lead the rest of the world in showing the world how to slash emissions. China has made energy efficiency progress at a scale unequalled anywhere else, but not fast enough. CO2 emissions in China doubled in the past ten years because of surging economic growth fuelled by coal. China currently aims to cut the equivalent of 3 billion tonnes of CO2 in efficiency improvements for the five years to 2015, the same as 60% of US emissions at 2010 levels, but this does not match the scale of Chinese emissions and the urgency of the climate problem.

中國還可以起到表率作用，向世界展示如何減排。中國在提高能源使用效率方面取得的進步，超過了其他所有地區，但它進步的速度仍不夠快。中國經濟增長高度依賴燃煤，過去十年二氧化碳排放量翻了一番。目前，中國的目標是，在截至2015年的5年內，通過提高能源使用效率，將二氧化碳等價排放量減少30億噸，這相當於美國2010年排放量的60%。不過，這一目標，與中國碳排放的規模、以及氣候問題的緊迫性並不相稱。

China also deploys new technology and penetrates domestic and international markets at speeds unequalled in the West. It leads the world in renewable energy, investing more than one-fifth of the global total for 2012. In 2011, installed renewable capacity was already twice the US. China's wind turbines and hydropower stations are the world's most productive. A binding international agreement on climate change instantly creates for China a global market for its low carbon technologies.

在國內外市場中推廣和運用新技術方面，中國的力度也是西方無法比擬的。中國在可再生能源領域的投資領先全球，2012年佔全球總投資的五分之一以上。2011年，中國可再生能源裝機容量已是美國的兩倍。中國風力發電機組和水力發電站的發電量爲全世界最高。一旦世界各國在氣候變化上達成具有約束力的協議，就立刻會爲中國的低碳技術創造一個全球市場。

There are many long term economic advantages to implementing a low carbon future in China, with co-benefits to energy security, water security, food security, and therefore human security. In turn, ignoring the rise in global and local carbon emissions threatens access to sufficient food and water, human health and wellbeing and the long-term prosperity of China.

一個更爲低碳的中國，長期而言能帶來許多經濟益處，同時能提高能源安全、水資源安全、食品安全，從而有益於人類自身的安全。反過來說，如果忽視全球和中國國內碳排放的增長，將威脅到人類對充足的食品和水的獲取、人類的健康和幸福、以及中國的長期繁榮。

The global leadership of China is crucial for an international agreement in New York on climate change and the deployment of its low carbon technologies and market knowhow is essential around the world. Strong collective political action on climate change could bring China’s development journey to a new path of cleaner air and energy efficiency. The race is on for China to decouple economic growth from fossil fuel burning. The benefits are immediate for current citizens and for generations not yet born.

要想在紐約峯會上就氣候變化問題達成國際協議、在全球推廣中國的低碳技術和市場經驗，中國必須擔當起帶頭人的角色。各國領導人們在抗擊氣候變化上更加堅定、協調一致，就能將中國的發展引導至一條更清潔、更高效的道路。對中國來說，現在就該加速讓經濟增長擺脫對化石燃料的依賴。這會給中國帶來立竿見影的好處，不論對現在的中國人，還是未來幾代人而言。

Professor Corinne Le Quéré is an international authority in assessing carbon sources and sinks with the Global Carbon Project. She is Professor of Climate Science and Policy at the University of East Anglia, Director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research and a regular visitor to the Tyndall Centre at Fudan University in Shanghai.

作者科琳娜•勒凱雷(Corinne Le Quéré)是全球碳計劃(Global Carbon Project)組織評估碳來源和去向方面的國際權威。她是東英吉利大學(University of East Anglia)氣候科學與政策研究教授、廷德爾氣候變化研究中心(Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research)主任、復旦大學(Fudan University)廷德爾中心(Tyndall Centre)定期訪問人員。

Professor Dabo Guan is an expert in climate change economicsand policy. He is a Lead Author of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Assessment on Mitigation and a winner of the Philip Leverhulme Prize for outstanding scholars at an international level. He is joining the University of East Anglia as Professor of Climate Change and Development.

作者關達博是一位氣候變化經濟學與政策研究方面的專家。他是聯合國政府間氣候變化專門委員會(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)《第三工作組評估報告：減緩氣候變化》(Assessment on Mitigation)的主要作者之一。