美國公佈對華關稅清單,瞄準尖端技術產品

WASHINGTON — The Trump administration said Tuesday that it will place a 25 percent tariff on electronic touch screens, iron and steel plates, medical devices, aircraft parts, batteries and other Chinese products, outlining more than 1,000 imported goods that will soon face tariffs as part of a sweeping trade measure aimed at penalizing China for its trade practices.

華盛頓——特朗普政府週二表示，將對電子觸摸屏、鋼鐵板材、醫療器械、飛機零部件、電池以及其他中國產品徵收25%的關稅。作爲大規模貿易措施的一部分，政府擬定的1000多項進口商品都即將被徵收關稅，旨在懲罰中國的貿易行爲。

The move, which stems from a White House investigation into China’s use of pressure, intimidation and theft to obtain American technologies, is likely to inflame an already-simmering trade war between the countries. On Monday, China said it would slap tariffs on 128 American products in response to a separate White House plan to tax steel and aluminum imports from China and other countries.

該行動緣起於白宮就中國利用壓力、恐嚇及盜竊手段獲取美國技術展開的調查，很可能點燃兩國之間蓄勢已久的貿易戰。週一，中國表示將對128項美國產品徵收關稅，以應對白宮另一項對進口自中國和其他國家的鋼鋁產品徵稅的計劃。

The products targeted by the White House are part of its plan to go after China’s dominance in cutting-edge technologies like semiconductors, electric vehicles and advanced medical products — industries that China is pursuing dominance in as part of an industrial plan known as “Made in China 2025.”

白宮瞄準的這些產品符合它希望在中國佔據主導的尖端技術領域內取勝的計劃，如半導體、電動汽車和先進醫療產品。在一個被稱爲《中國製造2025》的工業計劃下，中國正在這些行業裏尋求着主導地位。

The Trump administration said that trade analysts from multiple government agencies had identified products that benefit from these policies but had refined the list to remove goods that were likely to cause disruptions to the United States economy or consumers, or be subject to legal constraints. The list of products concentrated heavily on machinery and high-tech components, and largely excluded the kind of Chinese-made finished consumer products available for sale at Target or Walmart. The United States is levying tariffs on a total of $50 billion worth of Chinese products each year.

特朗普政府表示，來自多個政府機構的貿易分析師已經確定了哪些產品會在這些政策中受益，但也對清單進行了修訂，移除了有可能對美國經濟或消費者造成干擾，或受法律約束的產品。產品清單主要集中於機械和高科技零部件，基本排除了可直接在塔吉特(Target)或沃爾瑪(Walmart)出售的中國製造消費品成品。徵稅涉及美國每年進口總值達500億美元的中國商品。

The list’s publication will be followed by a notice and comment period in which American companies can advise the Trump administration on the product choices. Companies will need to submit written comments by May 11, and a public hearing on the submissions on will be held May 15 in Washington.

清單公佈後會有一個通知和評論期，美國公司可以在此期間內就產品的選擇向特朗普政府提出建議。公司需在5月11日前遞交書面意見，公開聽證會將於5月15日在華盛頓舉行。

While many American companies say they are unfairly treated in China, they have rued the possibility of a trade war between the world’s two largest economies, and the economic harm it could cause, and have begun pushing back against the White House’s plans. China remains a key and growing market for companies like John Deere and Apple, as well as for soybean farmers and growers of other agricultural products.

雖然許多美國公司表示他們在中國受到了不公平待遇，但面對世界最大兩個經濟體之間可能發生的貿易戰以及可能會帶來的經濟後果，他們後悔了，開始反對白宮的計劃。對於約翰迪爾(John Deere)和蘋果(Apple)這樣的公司，以及大豆和其他農作物的種植者來說，中國依然一個是重要且在不斷增長的市場。

Financial markets fell sharply on Monday as China imposed its own retaliatory tariffs on American products but regained most of their lost territory on Tuesday.

週一，中國對美國產品實施了報復性關稅，金融市場大幅下跌，但週二已經收回了大部分失地。

President Trump, who has repeatedly promised tough action on China’s trade practices, said Tuesday that he intended to get along with China but that its unfair trade behavior had gone on too long. “It’s not something we can live with,” Mr. Trump said at the White House, adding, “I campaigned on that.”

多次承諾將對中國貿易行爲採取強硬行動的特朗普週二表示，他本打算和中國和睦相處，但中國不公平的貿易行爲已經持續太久。“這不是我們可以忍受的，”特朗普在白宮說，並補充道，“這是我的競選承諾。”

Trump advisers have criticized past administrations for allowing China to receive the benefits of global trade while continuing to break the international trade rules imposed by organizations like the World Trade Organization — a charge China denies.

特朗普的顧問批評過去幾屆政府允許中國在打破世貿組織(World Trade Organization)等組織實行的國際貿易規則的同時，從全球貿易中受惠——中國對這項指控予以否認。

But the administration has struggled to persuade its critics that the kind of tough trade measures Mr. Trump favors can alter China’s behavior without tipping the world into a trade war and ultimately harming American workers and consumers. In addition to the tariffs, the White House is preparing to restrict Chinese investment in American technology and innovation.

但政府正在努力說服這些批評者，特朗普所支持的這種強硬貿易措施可以改變中國的行爲，也不會讓世界陷入貿易戰並最終傷及美國的工人或消費者。除了關稅，白宮還準備限制中國對美國科技和創新的投資。

“The administration is rightly focused on restoring equity and fairness in our trade relationship with China,” said Myron Brilliant, an executive vice president and the head of international affairs at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. “However, imposing taxes on products used daily by American consumers and job creators is not the way to achieve those ends.”

“政府致力於恢復我們與中國的貿易關係中的公平與公正，這無可厚非，”美國全國商會(U.S. Chamber of Commerce)高級副會長兼國際事務主管薄邁倫(Myron Brilliant)說，“但是，對美國消費者和工作崗位創造者每天使用的產品徵稅，並不是實現這個目標的正確途徑。”

Scott Kennedy, a China expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, said the Trump administration’s approach is drastically different from those of past administrations, which tried to reach agreement on trade practices with the Chinese through coordinated dialogues.

國際戰略研究中心(Center for Strategic and International Studies)的中國問題專家甘思德(Scott Kennedy)表示，特朗普政府的做法與過去幾屆政府截然不同，後者試圖通過協商對話與中方就貿易行爲達成協議。

The Trump White House, in contrast, is trying to totally reset the relationship through aggression, Mr. Kennedy said. “They see this as a game of chicken.”

甘思德表示，相比之下，特朗普領導的白宮正試圖通過敵對徹底重置兩國的關係。“他們把這看成一場懦夫博弈。”

The Coalition for a Prosperous America, an organization that has supported the president’s trade agenda, called the China action a shift from “na?ve” to “strategic” trade. “The age of appeasement must end,” said Paola Masman, the group’s media director.

支持總統貿易議程的組織“繁榮美國聯盟”(The Coalition for a Prosperous America)表示，針對中國的行動是從“幼稚”貿易轉變爲“戰略性”貿易。“綏靖時代必須結束，”該組織的媒體主管葆拉·馬斯曼(Paola Masman)說。

But the administration’s trade measures are prompting concern among many American companies, who are wary of Beijing’s response. Chinese officials have already promised to erect trade barriers in response to the United States’ moves.

但特朗普政府的貿易措施導致許多美國企業對中國政府可能做出的反應感到擔憂。中國官員已經表示，將設置貿易壁壘，迴應美國的行動。

“We will certainly take countermeasures of the same proportion and of the same scale, same intensity,” Cui Tiankai, the Chinese ambassador to the United States, said in an interview posted Monday on the Chinese news site CGTN America. He added that China had been strengthening its protection of intellectual property and was prepared to review any cases in accordance with its laws.

“我們勢必會以同樣的規模、同樣的金額和同樣的強度進行回擊，”中國駐美國大使崔天凱在接受採訪時表示。採訪內容週一發佈在中國新聞網站中國環球電視網北美分臺(CGTN America)上。他還表示，中國一直在加強對知識產權的保護，準備根據自己的法律審查所有案件。

It remains to be seen what additional levies China might add in response to new American tariffs.

爲了迴應美國的新關稅，中國可能會增加什麼關稅，仍需拭目以待。

Analysts said the Chinese government had designed its tariffs to hurt regions of the United States that supported Mr. Trump — a bid to encourage the president’s supporters to put pressure on him to change his policies. In an analysis, Mark Muro, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, found that tariffs on products like fruit, nuts, pork and steel pipes would fall disproportionately on counties that supported Mr. Trump.

分析人士表示，中國政府對關稅的設計意在損害支持特朗普的美國地區，以刺激總統的支持者向他施壓，迫使他改變政策。布魯金斯學會(Brookings Institution)的高級研究員馬克·穆羅(Mark Muro)在一份分析報告中發現，水果、堅果、豬肉和鋼管等被徵稅產品有相當多一部分來自支持特朗普的縣。

Farming communities, one of the country’s largest exporters and a solid base for Mr. Trump, are among the most vulnerable. Chinese tariffs of 25 percent will particularly hurt American pork farmers, who sent more than $1 billion worth of products to China last year.

農業社區是美國最大的出口者之一，也是特朗普的堅實選民基礎，這個羣體格外易受打擊。中國的25%關稅對美國豬肉供應商的打擊會特別大，去年他們向中國出口了價值超過10億美元的產品。

Senator Joni Ernst, Republican of Iowa, said American farmers were already struggling to make ends meet. “Increasing tariffs on exports will harm Iowa producers and undermine the rural economy,” Ms. Ernst said. “It’s my hope that we can pursue policies that enhance our competitiveness, rather than reduce our access to foreign markets.”

艾奧瓦州共和黨參議員約尼·厄恩斯特(Joni Ernst)表示，美國農民已經是在勉力支撐。“關稅升高將傷害艾奧瓦州的生產者，損害農村經濟，”厄恩斯特說，“我希望我們能推行提高競爭力的政策，而不是減少我們進入外國市場的機會。”

The announcement came as the president ramped up threats about withdrawing from the North American Free Trade Agreement and sending troops to the southwestern border to combat illegal immigrants traveling through Mexico.

厄恩斯特之所以發表這樣的言論，是因爲特朗普總統進一步威脅退出《北美自由貿易協定》(North American Free Trade Agreement)，並且派軍隊前往西南邊境，以打擊穿越墨西哥的非法移民。

While White House advisers have been pushing for a timely conclusion to the ongoing talks over Nafta, Mr. Trump continues to threaten to withdraw from the pact. On Tuesday, he called it a “horrible, horrible, embarrassing deal for the United States.”

白宮顧問敦促儘快結束就《北美自由貿易協定》展開的曠日持久的談判，同時特朗普繼續威脅退出該協定。週二，他稱該協定“對美國來說，是一個十分可怕而丟臉的交易”。