英語美文短篇欣賞
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Population Growth
The growth of population during the past few centuries is no proof that population willcontinue to grow straight upward toward infinity and doom. On the contrary, demographichistory offers evidence that population growth has not been at all constant. According topaleoecologist Edward Deevey, the past million years show three momentous changes. Thefirst, a rapid increase in population around one million B. C., followed the innovations of toolmaking and tool when the new power from the use of tools has been exploited,therate of world population growth fell and became almost stable. The next rapid jump inpopulation started perhaps 10,000 years ago, when mankind began to keep herds,plow andplant the Earth. Once again when initial productivity gains had been absorbed, the rate ofpopulation growth abated. These two episodes suggest that the third great change, thepresent rapid growth, which began in the West between 250 and 350 years ago, may also slowdown when, or if, technology begins to yield fewer innovations. Of course, the currentknowledge revolution may continue without foreseeable end. Either way - contrary topopular belief in constant geometric growth - population can be expected in the long run toadjust to productivity. And when one takes this view, population growth is seen to representeconomic progress and human triumph rather than social failure.
人口增長
以往幾個世紀人口的增長並不能證明人口會無限地直線向上增長直到毀滅的地步。 相反地，人口統計史料證明人口的增長完全不是穩定的。 古生態學家愛德華 ·狄維認爲，在過去 100 萬年間出現過 3 次重大的變動。 第一次在公元前 100 萬年左右，隨着在工具的製作和使用上的革新而出現人口迅速增長。 但當工具的使用所產生的新動力被充分利用以後，世界人口增長率下降並且趨於穩定。 第二次人口劇增大約始於人類開始蓄畜、墾耕的 10，000 年前。 一旦最初的生產力增長被吸收殆盡，人口的增長再次衰落。 以上兩段說明，若技術革新的成果開始減少，從250 到350 年前就在西方開始出現的並且目前還在繼續的人口迅速增長可能也會放慢。 當然，當前的知識革命也許會持續下去而無法預見其末來。 無論如何，與那種認爲人口以幾何級數持續增長的觀點相反，從長遠的觀點來說，人口可望受到生產力的調節。 接受了這一觀點，人口的增長就可以被看成是經濟進步和人類勝利的標誌，而不是社會衰敗的標誌。
初中短篇英語美文篇2Police and Communities
Few institutions are more important to an urban community than its police, yet there are fewsubjects historians know so little about. Most of the early academic interests developed amongpolitical scientists and sociologists, who usually examined their own contemporary problemswith only a nod toward the past. Even the public seemed concerned only during crime waves,periods of blatant corruption, or after a particularly grisly episode. Party regulars andreformers generally viewed the institution from a political perspective;newspapers andmagazines-the nineteenth century's media - emphasized the vivid and spectacular.
Yet urban society has always vested a wide, indeed awesome, responsibility in its police. Notonly were they to maintain order, prevent crime, and protect life and property, but historicallythey were also to fight fires, suppress vice, assist in health services, supervise elections,direct traffic, inspect buildings, and locate truants and runaways. In addition, it was assumedthat the police were the special guardians of the citizens' liberties and the community'stranquillity. Of course, the performance never matched expectations. The record containssome success, but mostly failure; some effective leadership, but largely official incompetenceand betrayal. The notion of a professional police force in America is a creation of the twentiethcentury; not until our own time have cities begun to take the steps necessary to producemodern departments.
警察與社區
對城市社區來說，很少有比它的警察更爲重要的機構了，但少有課題像歷史學家們對此瞭解得那樣少。 早期的學術興趣是在政治科學家和社會學家中發展起來的，他們一般只研究他們自己當代的問題而對過去的問題只是偶爾帶過。 甚至公衆似乎也僅僅在犯罪浪潮、明目張膽的貪污或特別的恐怖事件發生時才關心。 政黨的忠誠支持者和改革家們通常是從政治的前途來看待警察這個機構;而報紙和雜誌-19 世紀的傳播媒介-則着重活潑生動和驚人的事件。可是城市社會總是把廣泛得可怕的責任交給警察。他們不僅維持秩序、防止犯罪、保護生命財產，而且在過去還要救火、鎮壓罪惡、協助醫療服務、監督選舉、指揮交通、檢查建築物、尋找逃學學生和搜捕逃犯。 除此以外，警察還被認爲是公民自由和社會穩定的特別保護者。 自然，警察的表現並不盡如人意。他們的記錄中有成功者，但多數是失敗的;有高效率的領導，但多半的人在職務上無能和不講信用。 專業警察部隊的概念在美國還是 20 世紀的產物;直到我們這個時代，一些城市纔開始採取設立現代化部門的必要步驟。
初中短篇英語美文篇3Plate Tectonics and Sea-floor Spreading
The theory of plate tectonics describes the motions of the lithosphere, the comparatively rigidouter layer of the Earth that includes all the crust and part of the underlying ithosphere is divided into a few dozen plates of various sizes and shapes, in general the platesare in motion with respect to one another. A mid-ocean ridge is a boundary between plateswhere new lithospheric material is injected from belows. As the plates diverge from a mid-ocean ridge they slide on a more yielding layer at the base of the lithosphere.
Since the size of the Earth is essentially constant, new lithosphere can be created at the mid-ocean ridges only if an equal amount of lithospheric material is consumed elsewhere. The site ofthis destruction is another kind of plate boundary: a subduction zone. There one plate divesunder the edge of another and is reincorporated into the mantle. Both kinds of plate boundaryare associated with fault systems, earthquakes and volcanism,but the kinds of geologic activityobserved at the two boundaries are quite different.
The idea of sea-floor spreading actually preceded the theory of plate tectonics. In its originalversion, in the early 1960's, it described the creation and destruction of the ocean floor, but itdid not specify rigid lithospheric plates. The hypothesis was substantiated soon afterwardby the discovery that periodic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field are recorded in theoceanic crust. As magma rises under the mid-ocean ridge, ferromagnetic minerals in themagma become magnetized in the direction of the geomagnetic field. When the magma coolsand solidifies, the direction and the polarity of the field are preserved in the magnetizedvolcanic rock. Reversals of the field give rise to a series of magnetic stripes running parallelto the axis of the rift. The oceanic crust thus serves as a magnetic tape recording of thehistory of the geomagnetic field that can be dated independently; the width of the stripesindicates the rate of the sea-floor spreading.
板塊結構與海牀擴展
板塊結構理論描述岩石圈的運動。 岩石圈是相對堅硬的地球外層，包括全部地殼和部分地幔。 岩石圈被劃分爲幾十個大小不同形狀各異的板塊，一般而言這些板塊都處於相對運動之中。 一道中海脊是板塊之間的邊界，在那裏新的岩石圈的物質從下部注入。 當板塊從中海脊脫離時，它們滑向在岩石圈基部較易變形的地層上。 因爲地球的大小本質上是不變的，只有同等數量的岩石圈物質在其它地方被吞沒，新的岩石圈才能生成。 銷燬舊岩石圈的地方形成另外一種板塊邊界：一塊潛沒的區域。 在這裏，一塊板塊潛沒到另一板塊的邊緣之下並結合入地幔之中。 兩種板塊邊界均與地層系統、地震以及火山活動有關，但在兩種邊界處觀察到的諸般地質活動卻迥然不同。 海牀擴展說實際上早於板塊結構理論。 在20 世紀 60 年代它的理論雛形中，描述了海底的生成和毀滅，但沒有詳細介紹堅硬的岩石圈板塊。 這個假定不久之後爲發現所證實。 該發現表明地球磁場週期性的逆轉被記錄在海洋地殼中。 當岩漿從中海脊下涌起的時候，岩漿中的磁鐵礦物質按地磁場的方向被磁化。 岩漿冷卻並凝固下來後，地磁場的方向和磁極被保留在磁化了的火山岩中。 磁場的逆轉形成一系列與斷層軸線平行的條形磁區。 這樣海洋殼就扮演了磁帶的角色，記錄下可以鑑定時間的地磁場的歷史。 條形磁區的寬度表明了海底擴展的速度。
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