真正理性的人，是這樣做決定的

We face some common obstacles that get in the way of our decision-making skills. Understanding and overcoming them is essential to breaking destructive decision-making patterns and getting to better outcomes.

在我們做決定時，通常會面臨一些障礙。理解並克服這些障礙有助於我們打破有害的決策模式，獲得更好的結果。

Here are 5 common obstacles and how to deal with them.

以下是五種常見障礙以及相應的解決方案。

Obstacle 1: Putting Too Much Importance on Your “Anchor”

障礙一：太過看重“參照”

An anchor is when we place a disproportionate amount of importance on an initial piece of information or data.

參照是指我們過於看重初始信​​息或數據。

Let's say you are negotiating to buy a new house. For some, the anchor will be the list price. However, someone making strategic decisions will look to the budget as the anchor.

假設你正在商談購買一套新房。對於某些人來說，他的參照就是房子的定價。但是，做戰略決策的人會將預算視爲他的參照。

To overcome the distraction of anchors, you can try writing down the decision you need to make. Then, list the obstacles and challenges.

爲了克服參照造成的分心，你可以嘗試寫下自己需要做出的決定。然後，列出你遇到的障礙和挑戰。

Once you understand what's getting in your way, write a series of options, along with the pros and cons of each option.

當你明白是什麼在阻礙你時，你可以寫下可能的選擇，以及每個選擇的優缺點。

This process forces you to slow down and consider the situation from various angles instead of getting sidetracked by one potential option or piece of information.

這個過程迫使你慢下來並從各個角度考慮問題，而不是被某個可能的選擇或信息所牽制。

Obstacle 2: Confirmation Bias

障礙二：確認偏誤

Another persistent problem is one that is difficult to see in ourselves.

另一個難纏的問題是我們自己很難發現的。

Confirmation bias, in which we look for and interpret information in ways that support what we believe, can be influenced by a decision to be “right” or wishful thinking.

所謂確認偏誤就是從支持自身觀點的立場出發尋找和解釋信息，可能是爲了表明自己是“對的”，或是一廂情願的想法。

Clues that confirmation bias may be an issue include getting information from the same sources, avoiding information that may hurt your psychological well-being, or “bend” facts to make them support your beliefs.

確認偏誤可能導致問題，表現在從單一來源獲取信息，避免可能引發心理不適的信息，或“歪曲”事實以使其支持自身觀點。

Maybe you should try thinking about the problem in different ways, considering the opposite interpretation or solution than your initial inclination. Get information from multiple sources and be sure you carefully consider all aspects before you make a decision.

也許你應該嘗試以不同的方式思考問題，考慮相反的解釋或解決方案而不是你最初的意向。從多個來源獲取信息，並確保在做出決定之前仔細考慮方方面面。

Obstacle 3: Group Think

障礙三：羣體思維

Fear of rejection, embarrassment, or ridicule can lead to group think. Group think is when the team tends to gravitate toward one idea on a regular basis instead of challenging norms and coming up with new approaches.

害怕拒絕、尷尬或被人嘲笑會導致羣體思維。羣體思維是一個團隊傾向於接受常規想法而不願挑戰常規並提出新方法。

It is a big deal, because what happens is if you're striving for innovation, group think will stymie innovation. It will prevent the big breakthroughs from happening.

這是一個大問題，因爲如果你在努力創新，羣體思維會阻礙你創新。它將阻礙重大突破的出現。

If you're trying to solve a problem or a challenge, it prevents different perspectives from being voiced and brought to the table. It shuts down creativity, and it even shuts down productivity.

如果你正在嘗試解決問題或挑戰，它會阻礙不同的觀點表達。它抑制了創造力，甚至抑制了生產力。

Encourage yourself to challenge norms. Ask for others’ opinions, but never let them make the decision for you.

鼓勵自己挑戰常規。詢問他人意見，但絕不讓他人替你做決定。

Obstacle 4: Present Bias

障礙四：當前偏誤

Present bias favors immediate rewards over those in the future. The problem with present bias is that it inhibits long-term strategy and forgoing long-term gains for short-term benefits. Overspending, lack of planning, and procrastination can all be signs of present bias.

當前偏誤傾向於選擇當前利益優於未來回報。當前偏誤的問題在於它抑制了長期戰略並且爲了短期利益而放棄了長期利益。超支、缺乏計劃和拖延症都可能是當前偏誤的跡象。

If you tend to be an impulsive decision maker, impose a “cooling-off”period before you finalize big decisions. And learn to think about the future ramifications of your decisions—both positive and negative.

如果你經常做出衝動的決定，那麼在你做出重大決定之前，要給自己一個“冷靜下來”的階段。學會思考你的決定所能帶來的影響，無論好壞。

Get in touch with your ‘future self’ by frequently imagining your life 10 or more years from today or maybe even when you're retired. Think about your career or business similarly when faced with big decisions.

經常聯想一下從今天起10年或更長時間以後甚至退休後的生活，與“將來的自己”保持聯繫。在面臨重要決定時，務必把自己的職業生涯或事業考慮在內。

Obstacle 5: Personal Patterns

障礙五：個人模式

In addition to common challenges, gaining insight into your personal decision-making patterns can help you make better decision.

除了常見的挑戰之外，深入瞭解你的個人決策模式可以幫助你做出更好的決定。

Depending on what your pattern is, where you get tripped up will be different for you.

個人模式不同，遇到障礙的地方也會因人而異。

Reflect on your own personal patterns and motivations in decision making. Look for areas where you may be particularly strong or where decisions haven't gone the way you had hoped.

反思自己的個人模式和決策動機。查看你可能特別有優勢或者結果沒有按照你希望的方式進行的地方。

Ego sometimes needs to be checked, to be able to defer to others to bring their specialties through. Assessment tools can also help, especially those that have been proven to be highly effective in pinpointing individual decision-making tendencies.

有時需要反省自我，以便能夠遵從他人從事自己的專業。評估工具也可以提供幫助，尤其是那些已被證明在確定個人決策傾向方面非常有效的評估工具。