CATTI 三筆和二筆真題和出處
2019年6月CATTI二筆實務真題
英譯漢第一篇：394字
節選自紐約時報What Role Do Teachers Play in Education?
原文鏈接：（What Role Do Teachers Play in Education? - The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/cd016237/cf09/ce06/9d5e3c64a5.review/andrea-gabor-after-the-education-wars.html）
In 2009, Time magazine hailed an online math program piloted at three New York City public schools, as one of the year’s 50 best innovations. Each day, the software generated individualized math “playlists” for students who then chose the “modality” in which they wished to learn — software, a virtual teacher or a flesh-and-blood one. A different algorithm sorted teachers’ specialties and schedules to match a student’s needs. “It generates the lessons, the tests and it grades the tests,” one veteran instructor marveled.
2009年，《時代》雜誌發文稱讚三所紐約市公立學校試點推行的在線數學課程，稱其是該年度的五十大傑出創新成果之一。該課程軟件每天都會生成個性化的數學課“播放列表”，學生可根據想要學習的內容選擇具體的“播放模式”。這款課程軟件既是一位虛擬教師，也會呈現出一種有血有肉的真實形象。通過一種特別的算法，課程軟件對所有教師的專業課程與排課時間進行分類，以滿足每位學生的需求。一位資深講師就曾驚歎稱，“這款軟件不僅能夠生成課程與測試內容，還可對測試結果進行評分”。
Although the program made only modest improvements in students’ math scores and was adopted by only a handful of New York schools (not the 50 for which it was slated), it serves as a notable example of a pattern that Andrea Gabor charts in “After the Education Wars.” For more than three decades, an unlikely coalition of corporate philanthropists, educational technology entrepreneurs and public education bureaucrats has spearheaded a brand of school reform characterized by the overvaluing of technology and standardized testing and a devaluing of teachers and communities. The trend can be traced back to a hyperbolic 1983 report, “A Nation at Risk,” issued by President Ronald Reagan’s National Commission on Excellence in Education. Against the backdrop of an ascendant Japanese economy and consistent with President Reagan’s disdain for public education (and teachers’ unions), “A Nation at Risk” blamed America’s ineffectual schools for a “rising tide of mediocrity” that was diminishing America’s global role in a new high-tech world.
雖然該課程並未大幅提升學生的數學成績，且僅有少數紐約學校採用（並非預期進駐的50所學校），但卻是安德烈埃·加博爾（Andrea Gabor）在《教育戰爭》（After the Education Wars）中所提出的教改模式的一個典型範例。三十多年來，看似不可能達成統一戰線的衆多企業慈善家、教育技術企業家和公共教育官員率先掀起一股學校改革風潮，其特點就是極度重視技術及標準化測試，同時弱化對教師和社會的關注。這一風潮可以追溯到羅納德·里根政府時期的“國家教育卓越委員會（National Commission on Excellence in Education）”於1983年發佈的一份風格誇張的報告——《處於危險中的國家》（A Nation at Risk）。在日本經濟崛起的背景下，里根總統曾對美國的公共教育（及教師工會）表現出蔑視之情，與此相呼應，《處於危險中的國家》也將美國“平庸之輩越來越多”歸咎於美國學校的無能，認爲這些庸才正不斷削弱美國在高新科技領域的全球影響力。
Policymakers turned their focus to public education as a matter of national security, one too important (and potentially too profitable) to entrust to educators. The notion that top-down decisions by politicians, not teachers, should determine what children need was a thread running through the bipartisan 2001 No Child Left Behind Act, the Obama administration’s Race to the Top and state-initiated Common Core standards, and the current charter-driven agenda of Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos. “Accountability” became synonymous with standardized tests, resulting in a testing juggernaut with large profits going to commercial publishing giants like Pearson.
政策制定者隨後將關注點轉向公共教育領域。在政策制定者看來，公共教育已上升至國家安全的高度，其重要性（或高盈利性）完全無法讓政策制定者將發展公共教育的任務放心交予教育部門。有種觀點認爲，決定兒童教育需求的應當是政治人物（而非教師羣體）自上而下的政策決策，而從2001年美國兩黨支持通過的“有教無類法案（No Child Left Behind Act）”，到奧巴馬政府的“力爭上游（Race to the Top）”計劃與州共同核心課程標準，再到現任美國教育部長貝琪·德沃斯（Betsy DeVos）推行的特許學校議程，這一觀念始終貫穿其中。“責任制”已成爲標準化測試的代名詞，導致培生教育（Pearson）等教育測試領域的大體量、高利潤機構轉型成爲商業出版巨頭。
The education wars have been demoralizing for teachers, over 17 percent of whom drop out within their first five years. No one believes that teaching to the test is good pedagogy, but what are the options when students’ future educational choices, teachers’ salaries and retention and, in some states, the fate of entire schools rest on student test scores? In meticulous detail, Gabor documents reform’s institutional failings. She describes the turns in New York City’s testing-obsessed policies, the undermining of Michigan’s once fine public schools and the heartbreaking failure of New Orleans to remake its schools after Hurricane Katrina.
教育戰爭削弱了教師隊伍的鬥志，超過17%的教師在入職不到五年內離職。沒有人相信應試教育是一種有效的教育方法，但當學生的繼續教育選擇、教師的薪資與留任，乃至美國某些州整所學校的前途命運都取決於學生的測試成績時，他們還能有哪些選擇？加博爾在其書中極其詳盡地記述了教育改革的制度缺陷：紐約市教育測試狂熱政策引發諸多轉變；密歇根州公立學校的昔日優勢遭到削弱；卡特里娜颶風肆虐過後，新奧爾良市在重建學校時也遭遇令人心碎的困境。
英譯漢第二篇：404字
節選自聯合國教科文組織官網，原文鏈接如下：（Angkor - UNESCO World Heritage Centre https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/668/）
Angkor is one of the most important archaeological sites in Southeast Asia. For several centuries, Angkor was the centre of the Khmer Kingdom. With impressive monuments, several different ancient urban plans and large water reservoirs, the site is a unique concentration of features testifying to an exceptional civilization. Temples, exemplars of Khmer architecture, are closely linked to their geographical context as well as being imbued with symbolic significance. The architecture and layout of the successive capitals bear witness to a high level of social order and ranking within the Khmer Empire. Angkor is therefore a major site exemplifying cultural, religious and symbolic values, as well as containing high architectural, archaeological and artistic significance.
吳哥是東南亞地區最重要的考古遺址之一。幾個世紀以來，吳哥一直是高棉王國的都城。除了令人印象深刻的歷史遺蹟之外，當地還留有衆多古城池與大型水庫的遺址。如此之多的罕見遺蹟彙集於一處，這就是當地曾經存在過高度文明的象徵。作爲一種典型的高棉建築，寺廟與當地的地理環境密切相關，具有標誌性意義。歷代都城的建築與佈局在很大程度上見證了高棉帝國的社會秩序與等級。因此，作爲一處重要的歷史遺蹟，吳哥不僅具有豐富的建築、考古和藝術內涵，還展現出較高的文化、宗教和象徵價值。
The Angkor complex encompasses all major architectural buildings and hydrological engineering systems from the Khmer period. All the individual aspects illustrate the intactness of the site very much reflecting the splendor of the cities that once were. The site integrity however, is put under dual pressures: endogenous: exerted by more than 100,000 inhabitants distributed over 112 historic settlements scattered over the site, who constantly try to expand their dwelling areas; exogenous: related to the proximity of the town of Siem Reap, the seat of the province and a tourism hub.
吳哥建築羣囊括了高棉時期的所有重要建築和水文工程系統，全方位展現了該地遺址的完整性，同時也反映出歷代城池的輝煌歷史。然而，遺址的完整性目前正面臨着雙重壓力。其一是內生性壓力：遺址區域零星散佈着112個歷史聚居點，居民人數超過10萬，而他們正在想方設法擴大自身的居住區域；其二是外生性壓力：當地與暹粒鎮相鄰，而暹粒鎮正位於暹粒省首府，是一處旅遊業中心。
Angkor is one of the largest archaeological sites in operation in the world. Tourism represents an enormous economic potential but it can also generate irreparable destructions of the tangible as well as intangible cultural heritage. Many research projects have been undertaken, since the international safeguarding program was first launched in 1993. The scientific objectives of the research (e.g. anthropological studies on socio-economic conditions) result in a better knowledge and understanding of the history of the site, and its inhabitants that constitute a rich exceptional legacy of the intangible heritage. The purpose is to associate the “intangible culture” to the enhancement of the monuments in order to sensitize the local population to the importance and necessity of its protection and preservation and assist in the development of the site as Angkor is a living heritage site where Khmer people in general, but especially the local population, are known to be particularly conservative with respect to ancestral traditions and where they adhere to a great number of archaic cultural practices that have disappeared elsewhere.
吳哥是全球最大的經營性考古遺址之一。旅遊業代表着巨大的經濟潛力，但同時也可能對物質和非物質文化遺產造成無法挽回的傷害。吳哥的國際保護計劃起步於1993年，多年來已開展衆多研究項目。科學的研究目標（如社會經濟條件的人類學研究）使得人們得以更好地認識與瞭解吳哥遺址的歷史，以及作爲這些璀璨非物質文化遺產締造者的吳哥當地居民。吳哥堪稱歷史文化的活化石，這裏的高棉人（特別是當地居民）在先祖傳統方面通常極爲守舊，而他們所堅守的大量古老文化習俗在其他地方早已消失殆盡，因此，開展這些研究旨在將“非物質文化”與歷史遺蹟的保護聯繫起來，使當地居民意識到吳哥遺蹟保護的重要性和必要性，從而爲當地遺址的開發工作提供協助。
Moreover, the Angkor Archaeological Park is very rich in medicinal plants, used by the local population for treatment of diseases. The Preah Khan temple is considered to have been a university of medicine and the NeakPoan an ancient hospital.
此外，吳哥考古公園（Angkor Archaeological Park）內還生長着種類豐富的藥用植物，當地居民用它們治療多種疾病。聖劍寺（Preah Khan）據信過去曾是一所醫藥學府，而尼克潘（NeakPoan）則被認爲是一家古老的醫院。
漢譯英第一篇：337字
節選自《“十三五”國家老齡事業發展和養老體系建設規劃》，原文鏈接：http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-03/06/content_5173930.htm
預計到2020年，全國60歲以上老年人口將增加到2.55億人左右，佔總人口比重提升到17.8%左右；高齡老年人將增加到2900萬人左右，獨居老人將增加到1.18億人左右。涉老法規政策系統性、協調性、針對性、可操作性有待增強；城鄉區域老齡事業發展和養老體系建設不均衡問題突出；養老服務有效供給不足，質量效益不高，人才隊伍短缺。
China is expected to see an increase in the number of elderly people aged over 60 years to around 255 million by 2020, raising its percentage of the total population to about 17.8%; the older population will rise to about 29 million, and the number of seniors living alone will jump to about 118 million. The regulations and policies relating to the elderly people need to be more systematic, coordinated, relevant and feasible; the development of undertakings for the aged and the construction of old-age service systems in urban and rural areas experience prominent imbalance; the elderly care service is plagued by the shortage of effective supply, low quality and effectiveness, and manpower shortage.
規劃提出目標，到2020年，老齡事業發展整體水平明顯提升，養老體系更加健全完善。社會保險、社會福利、社會救助等社會保障制度和公益慈善事業有效銜接，老年人的基本生活、基本醫療、基本照護等需求得到切實保障。老齡事業發展和養老體系建設的法治化、信息化、標準化、規範化程度明顯提高。市場活力和社會創造力得到充分激發，養老服務和產品供給主體更加多元、內容更加豐富、質量更加優良，以信用爲核心的新型市場監管機制建立完善。老年人合法權益得到有效保護，老年人蔘與社會發展的條件持續改善。
The goal is laid out in the Plan that by 2020 overall development level of the aging cause will see a significant enhancement, and the old-age service systems will become improved and perfected. Social security systems such as social insurance, social welfare, and social assistance are effectively linked to charitable causes to effectively guarantee the needs of the elderly people for basic livelihood, basic medical care, and basic care. The development of aging cause and construction of old-age service systems demonstrate obvious improvement in legalization, informationization, standardization and normalization. Market vitality and social creativity have been fully stimulated. The services and products for elderly people have more diversified suppliers, more abundant content, and better quality. A credit-centered new market regulatory mechanism has been well-established. The elderly people have received solid protection on their legitimate rights and interests, and have been provided with continuously improved conditions for them to be part of social development.
漢譯英 passage 2
（原文、譯文改編自《英語世界》2019.05月刊）
中國的改革發端於農村，目的在於調節農民和土地之間的關係。1978年之前，數億中國人還在爲溫飽問題發愁，如今，經過40年的發展,中國有7億多農村貧困人口實現脫貧。從1978年至1985年，農村經濟體制的深刻變革，爲農村經濟的增長和貧困人口的大幅減少提供了強勁動力。按當時標準，有50%未解決溫飽的農村人口在這期間解決了溫飽問題。按現在的扶貧標準，有超過1億農村人口在這期間擺脫了貧困。這不僅爲全面建設小康社會打下了堅實的基礎，而且爲全人類的扶貧和發展做出了巨大貢獻。
China’s reform originated in rural areas with the purpose of adjusting the relationship between farmers and land. Before 1978, hundreds of millions of Chinese people were struggling to meet their basic daily needs. After 40 years of development, more than 700 million people in rural areas of China were lifted out of poverty. From 1978 to 1985, the profound reform of China’s rural economic system provided a strong impetus for economic growth and a dramatic reduction of the poverty-stricken population. According to the standards at that time, 50 percent of the rural population in poverty met their basic needs during this period. And even according to the poverty alleviation standards at present, more than 100 million rural people were lifted out of poverty during the period. This not only laid a solid foundation for China to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects but also made great contributions to poverty alleviation and development for all mankind.
1978年，安徽鳳陽縣小崗村的18戶農民走出了中國農村改革的第一步。破除了計劃經濟體制的諸多束縛，實行以家庭聯產承包責任制爲基礎的家庭經營，獲得了可以自由耕種的承包土地，極大調動了生產積極性,使他們以巨大的熱情投入到農業生產之中。
In 1978, farmers from 18 households in Xiaogang Village of Fengyang County, Anhui Province took the first step of China’s rural reform. By removing many constraints of the planned economic system and conducting family management based on the household responsibility system, farmers received contracted land they could freely decide what to grow, which greatly stimulated their enthusiasm for agricultural production.
2019年6月CATTI三筆真題·實務
英譯漢 passage 1
題源：這一篇摘選自世界衛生組織官網上世衛組織總幹事特德羅斯·阿達諾姆博士（Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus）的一篇演講The right to health
原文鏈接：https://www.who.int/9b56/8c41366ab5808992/cd016237/8d583467a2.to-health/en/
Both WHO’s constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Right assert that health is a human right, not a privilege for those who can afford it. Over time, that right has made its way into both national and international law. But importantly, the right to health is not simply a noble idea on a piece of paper.
世界衛生組織《組織法》與《世界人權宣言》（Universal Declaration of Human Right）均強調健康是一項人權，而不是那些有經濟實力者享有的特權。隨着時間的推移，健康權已逐漸載入各國法律和國際法律。但重要的是，健康權絕非只是紙上空談。
It has been a platform for major improvements in global health. Since 1948, life expectancy has increased by 25 years. Maternal and childhood mortality have plummeted. Smallpox has been eradicated and polio is on the brink. We have turned the tide on the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Deaths from malaria have dropped dramatically. New vaccines have made once-feared diseases easily preventable. And there are many other causes for celebration. But even as we continue to struggle with old threats, new ones have arisen. Climate change will have profound effects on health. Antimicrobial resistance has the potential to undo the gains of modern medicine. Vaccine hesitancy is putting millions of young lives at risk. Noncommunicable diseases, including heart disease, stroke, cancer diabetes, hypertension, lung diseases and mental illnesses have become the major killers of our time. And of course, we continue to face the ever-present threat of outbreaks and other health emergencies.
健康權一直是全球健康狀況得以獲得重大改善的平臺。自1948年以來，預期壽命延長了25歲。產婦和兒童死亡率快速下跌。天花已被消滅，脊髓灰質炎也已處在被消滅的邊緣。艾滋病毒/艾滋病的勢頭得到扭轉。瘧疾致死的現象急劇減少。得益於新疫苗的出現，曾經讓人談虎色變的疾病也變得易於預防。還有其他進步可喜可賀。但是，就在我們繼續對抗既有健康威脅之時，新的健康威脅已經出現。氣候變化會對健康產生深遠影響。抗微生物藥物耐藥性有可能讓現代醫學取得的成果蕩然無存。“疫苗猶豫”正危及數百萬年輕人的生命。心臟病、中風、癌症、糖尿病、高血壓、肺病和精神疾病等非傳染性疾病已成爲當今時代的頭號殺手。當然，我們還無時不刻不在面臨着疫情和其他突發衛生事件的威脅。
In the past 12 months, WHO has responded to 47 emergencies in 50 countries. We are currently responding to an outbreak of Ebola in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, very near the border with Uganda. As of today, there have been 373 cases and 216 deaths since the outbreak started in August. So far, we have managed to prevent Ebola from spreading across the border, largely because we have much better tools with which to fight Ebola than at any time in history. More than 32,000 people have been vaccinated, which is one of the reasons the outbreak has not spread further than it has. We also have ways to treat those infected. So far, 150 people have been treated with one of four drugs. 14 million travelers have been screened, there have been more than 190 safe and dignified burials, we have done door-to-door advocacy in almost 4000 households and we have trained more than 500 community leaders. But this outbreak has been much more difficult to control, largely because of the security situation in eastern DRC. Armed groups operating in the area conduct regular attacks on the city of Beni, the epicentre of the outbreak. And every time there is an attack, the virus gets an advantage. Vaccination and contact tracing are disrupted.
在過去的12個月內，世衛組織應對了50個國家47起突發事件。我們目前正在處理鄰近烏干達邊境的剛果民主共和國爆發的埃博拉疫情。自8月爆發以來，迄今已有373例病例和216例死亡。到目前爲止，我們已成功阻止埃博拉病毒蔓延越過邊境，這主要因爲我們採用了有史以來最好的幾種手段對抗埃博拉病毒。超過3.2萬人接種了疫苗，這是疫情沒有進一步擴散的原因之一。此外，我們也有治療感染者的方法。到目前爲止，已有150人接受了四種藥物中的一種治療。1400萬遊客經過篩查；超過190人得到安全、體面埋葬；挨家挨戶宣傳達到近4000戶；500多名社區領導接受了培訓。但此次疫情控制難度加大，這主要歸咎於剛果民主共和國東部的安全局勢。在該地區作戰的武裝分子頻繁襲擊疫情中心貝尼市（Beni），而每次襲擊都爲病毒創造了有利條件，中斷了疫苗接種和接觸者追蹤工作。
Health security and health systems are two sides of the same coin. The best long-term investment in protecting and promoting the right to health is to invest in stronger health systems. Because there is simply no other way to achieve universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals than primary health care, with a focus on health promotion and disease prevention. But it will also require WHO and the global health community to work in a much more integrated and coherent way. That’s why WHO and 10 other international health agencies have agreed to work together on a Global Action Plan for Healthy Lives and Well-Being. The plan has three strategic approaches: integrate, accelerate and account. First, we have committed to integrate many of our processes to increase our collective efficiency. Second, we have committed to accelerate progress by identifying areas of work in which we can truly bend the curve and make more rapid progress towards the health-related SDGs – like research and development, data and sustainable financing. And third, we have committed to keep each other accountable, both to the people we serve, and to the donors and partners who expect results from the resources they give us.
衛生安全和醫療衛生體系是同一事物的兩個方面。保護和促進健康權的最佳長期投資方式是投資更強大的醫療衛生體系。初級衛生保健以促進健康和預防疾病爲重點，而除了初級衛生保健，根本沒有其他方法可以實現全民健康覆蓋與可持續發展目標（Sustainable Development Goals）。但這還需要世衛組織與全球衛生界加強協調合作。這就是世衛組織與其他10個國際衛生機構同意共同推行“全球健康生活與福祉行動計劃”（Global Action Plan for Healthy Lives and Well-Being）的原因。這項計劃有三大戰略方法：整合流程、加快進程與承擔責任。首先，我們已承諾整合諸多流程，提高集體效率。其次，我們已承諾，通過確定能夠真正扭轉局勢的工作領域（如研發、數據和可持續融資領域），加速實現與健康相關的可持續發展目標，從而加快進程。最後，我們已承諾人人承擔責任，不僅對所服務的對象負責，也要對出資出力、期待其有所成效的捐助者與合作者負責。
漢譯英 passage 1
題源：中國網《中國訪談》欄目對360企業安全集團董事長齊向東的專訪
原文鏈接：http://fangtan.china.com.cn/2018-09/18/content_63574694.htm
互聯網在中國改革開放中的重要作用怎麼說都不爲過。從2000年開始，中國互聯網應用的普及，到現在快20年的時間。尤其是在最後的這15年，互聯網爲保持高速發展起到了決定性的作用。經濟發展有兩個東西是至關重要的：第一就是提高生產效率，提升產品質量，生產出更有創意的設計；第二就是保持渠暢通，使工廠生產的東西以最快的速度、最低的成本送到消費者的手裏。互聯網在這兩個環節都爲中國的產業發展起到了決定性的作用。
The importance of the Internet in China’s reform and opening up cannot be overstated. The year of 2000 marks the beginning of nearly two decades’ popularity the Internet has enjoyed in China. Especially over the last 15 years, the Internet has played a decisive role in sustaining rapid development of the country. Economic development is enabled, crucially, by two factors: first, the improvement of production efficiency with higher product quality and more creative designs, and second, open channels through which factory products can be delivered to customers at the fastest speed and lowest cost. That is how the Internet decisively accounts for China’s industrial development.
互聯網的發展在設計理念和設計人才方面極大的縮小了我們與國際先進的國家的差距。通過互聯網，我們可以通過互聯網以更快的速度獲取全球最先進的設計技術和理念。更重要的是通過互聯網可以產生更多的效應。這就極大地加快了經濟發展的速度。
The development of the Internet has significantly narrowed our gap with advanced countries in design concepts and design talents. We are offered a faster access to the world’s state-of-the-art design techniques and concepts by the Internet. More importantly, the Internet can bring about more effects. This has greatly accelerated economic development.
在渠道的領域，互聯網的效果更加明顯，比如電商。老百姓通過互聯網更容易表達他自己的意願，更容易對我們現有的一些產品提出一些批評性的意見，而這些也都更好地推動企業的生產，推動政府職能的現代化。首先，是城市人和農村人在獲取信息和溝通信息上平等，大家都可以通過互聯網實時看到中國的發展和中國城市的發展。互聯網刺激百姓謀求美好生活的意願，並且將意願化爲前行的強大動力。
As for channels, the Internet has an even more evident effect, for example, on e-commerce. It has made it easier for ordinary people to express their own will, and share critical comments on some of our existing products, which will facilitate the production of enterprises and the modernization of government functions. Firstly, people in urban and rural areas, by going online, are equal in accessing and communicating information, which allows all of them to see the development of China and Chinese cities in real time. The Internet then stimulates the aspirations of common people to seek a better life, and turns their aspirations into a powerful driving force for development.
