GRE閱讀高頻機經原文及答案：地球冷暖週期
gre的機經對我們的備考有很強的參考價值，爲了方便大家，下面小編給大家帶來GRE閱讀高頻機經原文及答案：地球冷暖週期，來看看吧！
GRE閱讀高頻機經原文及答案：地球冷暖週期
地球冷暖週期通過石頭含鐵量推定 新題
Recent studies of sediment in the North Atlantic’s deepwaters reveal possible cyclical patterns in the history of Earth’s climate. Therock fragments in these sediments are too large to have been transported thereby ocean currents; they must have reached their present locations by travelingin large icebergs that floated long distances from their point of origin beforemelting.
Geologist Gerard Bond noticed that some of the sedimentgrains were stained with ironoxide, evidence that they originated in localeswhere glaciers had overrun outcrops of red sandstone. Bond’s detailed analysisof deep-water sediment cores showed changes in the mix of sediment sources overtime: the proportion of these red-stained grains fluctuated back and forth fromlows of 5 percent to highs of about 17 percent, and these fluctuations occurredin a nearly regular 1,500-year cycle.
Bond hypothesized that the alternating cycles might beevidence of changes in ocean-water circulation and therefore in Earth’sclimate. He knew that the sources of the red-stained grains were generallycloser to the North Pole than were the places yielding a high proportion of“clean” grains. At certain times, apparently, more icebergs from the ArcticOcean in the far north were traveling south well into the North Atlantic beforemelting and shedding their sediment. Ocean waters are constantly moving, andwater temperature is both a cause and an effect of this movement. As watercools, it becomes denser and sinks to the ocean’s bottom. During some periods,the bottom layer of the world’s oceans comes from cold, dense water sinking inthe far North Atlantic. This causes the warm surface waters of the Gulf Streamto be pulled northward. Bond realized that during such periods, the influx ofthese warm surface waters into northern regions could cause a large proportionof the icebergs that bear red grains to melt before traveling very far into theNorth Atlantic. But sometimes the ocean’s dynamic changes, and waters from theGulf Stream do not travel northward in this way. During these periods, surfacewaters in the North Atlantic would generally be colder, permitting icebergsbearing red-stained grains to travel farther south in the North Atlantic beforemelting and depositing their sediment.
The onset of the so-called Little Ice Age (1300-1860),which followed the Medieval Warm Period of the eighth through tenth centuries,may represent the most recent time that the ocean’sdynamic changed in this way. If ongoing climate-history studies support Bond’shypothesis of 1,500-year cycles, scientists may establish a major natural rhythmin Earth’s temperatures that could then be extrapolated into the use the midpoint of the Medieval Warm Period was about A.D. 850, anextension of Bond’s cycles would place the midpoint of the next warm intervalin the twenty-fourth century.
21.1. According to the passage, which of the following istrue of the rock fragments contained in the sediments studied by Bond?
A. The majority of them are composed of red sandstone.
B. They must have reached their present location over 1,500 years ago.
C. They were carried byicebergs to their present location.
D. Most of them were carried to their present location during a warm period inEarth’s climatic history.
E. They are unlikely to have been carried to their present location during theLittle Ice Age.
21.2. In the final paragraph of the passage (lines 27-33),the author is concerned primarily with
A. answering a question about Earth’s climatic history
B. pointing out a potential flaw in Bond’s hypothesis
C. suggesting a new focus for the study of ocean sediments
D. tracing the general history of Earth’s climate
E. discussing possibleimplications of Bond’s hypothesis
21.3. According to the passage, Bond hypothesized that whichof the following circumstances would allow red-stained sediment grains to reachmore southerly latitudes?
A. Warm waters being pulled northward from the GulfStream
B. Climatic conditions causing icebergs to melt relatively quickly
C. Icebergs containing a higher proportion of iron oxide than usual
D. The formation of more icebergs than usual in the far north
E. The presence of coldsurface waters in the North Atlantic
21.4. It can be inferred from the passage that in sedimentcores from the North Atlantic’s deep waters, the portions that correspond tothe Little Ice Age
A.. differ very little in composition from theportions that correspond to the Medieval Warm Period
B. fluctuate significantly in composition between the portions corresponding tothe 1300s and the portions corresponding to the 1700s
C. would be likely tocontain a proportion of red-stained grains closer to 17 percent than to 5percent
D. show a much higher proportion of red-stained grains in cores extracted fromthe far north of the North Atlantic than in cores extracted from further south
E. were formed in part as
答案：CEEC
再見，GRE閱讀“馬後炮”之文章類型
市面上經常有人將GRE文章分爲現象解釋型、問題解決型、新老觀點對比型等類型，並大書特書。但如果考生將過多精力花在區別文章類型上面，其實是得不償失的事情。
爲什麼這麼說呢?因爲這個分類本身就有問題。
比如一篇文章如果這麼展開：
一個現象好奇怪呀!
傳統的觀點是：A可以解釋。
但是現在有新的觀點：B可以解釋。
那這篇文章是屬於現象解釋型還是新老觀點對比型?按照以上分類，這是一篇綜合了現象解釋和新老觀點對比的文章，不能作非此即彼的論斷。
再比如，新老觀點對比型，這種分類暗示新老觀點在文章論述邏輯裏的地位是對等的，例如：關於一件事情以前和現在的人看法不一樣。以前人們認爲_X.但是現在人們認爲YYY.
那麼請問以下兩篇文章能否被涵蓋在內：
1. 關於一件事情以前人們的看法是_X。但是他們的看法有問題，正確的看法應該是YYY.
2. 關於一件事情以前人們的看法是_X。但是有一個新的看法是YYY.事實表明YYY這個看法很合理。
很明顯這兩篇文章和前面例子裏的文章不一樣，它們都是有作者觀點態度的：1文裏作者反駁前面觀點，2文則是作者在新的看法後面引用事實表示支持。因此這兩篇文章的重心都在作者觀點態度上。有人可能會說，那再分細一點，加上反駁型文章和作者評價型文章。但就算類型分得更細更嚴謹，對我們考生來說也沒什麼實質性的好處，相反我們還要多記一些大名詞並在做題時多花時間精力區別判斷。原因是：分類更細後，我們也只有在讀完一篇文章(而且是讀懂了)才知道這是啥類型的文章啊!這完全是馬後炮行爲。
當然這種給文章分類的初衷可能是好的，也許是爲了讓我們更好地把握文章主線信息，更好地理解文章。但是最終的結果其實是有誤導性的，它試圖將文章固定在幾種套路里，讓我們產生一種套路在手，GRE閱讀我有的感覺，而實際上呢它對我們如何讀懂一篇文章(how)沒有幫助，因爲我們是讀完了讀懂了才知道這是啥類型的文章啊。而考生很多時候很難看出這種方法的問題：厲害的考生讀懂了能辨別出文章類型，他會覺得這方法不壞，而不厲害的考生讀完了沒讀懂分辨不出來，會覺得可能是自己方法掌握得不好。我覺得這可能也是某些馬後炮行爲一直流傳在江湖中的原因之一。
結論是文章分類是沒什麼用的馬後炮行爲。關於文章“套路”“類型”，其實我們只需要知道出現現象後面極有可能解釋，解釋可能不只一個，關注解釋間的關係;出現問題，文章後面可能會找解決方案，方案可能不只一種，關注方案間的關係;開始有引用觀點，後面很有可能出現反駁(作者或別人);有這樣一些簡單的預期就可以了。我們應該把精力放在如何高效理解而不是找套路上面，至於如何高效理解，則不是一篇文章能說完的，有機會再另寫文章闡述。
GRE長閱讀要不要認真讀取決於你的目標分數
應對GRE閱讀考試，大家首先要關注的是節奏。 很多考生在準備GREVerbal的時候，想知道長閱讀是否值得認真讀。回答這個問題前，我們可以先看下GRE Verbal的題目構成，Verbal有兩部分，具體如下：
從上表可以看出，第二個Verbal部分沒有長閱讀，所以這裏和大家討論的是第一部分的長閱讀。大家可以看到，短閱讀的字數只有120字，中篇閱讀180個字，意味着60個字左右一道題。而長閱讀450詞只有四題，平均100多詞解一題。這意味着長閱讀是一個閱讀和得分效率相對較低的題目。
考場上很多考生認真按順序一題一題進行解答。在能力不充分時，這樣做浪費大量時間，質量還沒有保證，得不償失。
下表給出的是幾個典型分數對應的錯題數量。大家都知道GRE是一個section adapted test，半自適應考試。Section2的難度取決於Section1的完成情況。
比如，表中第一個同學，第一部分只錯了五道題，於是他的第二個部分就進入到了所謂的高分區間，難度係數達到了83分。他在第二部分錯了九道題，因此他一共錯了14道題，總分是一個非常好的分數160分。而我們通常認爲高分檔和低分檔的准入門檻的錯題數在第一部分應該是七道題。如果你錯了七道題，是有可能進到高分檔，也有可能進到中分檔的。
表裏中間兩行的同學成績，第一部分都只錯了七道題，但他們進入了難度不同的第二部分。第一個同學進到了高分檔，仍然是83的難度係數，他第二個部分錯了九道題，一共錯了16道題。我們知道一共是40道題，錯了16道題，其實錯誤率已經達到了40%，用百分制來說他應該是隻得60分，但他最後的分數仍然是一個非常優秀的158分，因爲他進到的是hard模式。下一個同學，第一個部分錯了7個，第二個部分進到了中分檔，難度係數66，他第二部分做得非常好，只錯了5道題，一共只錯了12道題，結果他的分數也是158分，這其實就是分數段的價值。
第三個同學，第一個部分他錯了9道題，第二個部分同樣進到了中分檔，我們知道中分檔的區間第一個部分需要錯的是7道題以上，14道題以內，他錯了9個。第二個部分他錯了14個，一共錯了多達23道題，但是他的最後分數152，這是一個對於理工科同學申請優秀學校仍然夠用的語文分數。
根據分數分佈發現，最後兩個同學一個人錯了12個，另一個人錯了23個，這個人比前一個人多錯了11道題，結果他們的分數差卻只有差了6分，說明進到中分檔以後的錯題分數就不是特別敏感了。
但高分檔中的同學，section2錯了16個，比進入中分檔同學錯的還多，但分數卻一樣，說明只要進入到了高分檔，第二個部分其實想要衝擊160之內分數是相當容易的。
基於上述分析，針對到底要不要做長閱讀我給大家的建議是，取決於你的GRE目標分數。如果你的目標分數是160分以上，則你必須認真完成長閱讀。但如果你的目標分數是一個比較穩妥的150到160，我認爲你是可以戰略性擱置長閱讀的。這個分數段的同學應該把更多時間花在擅長的題目上，而不是非要保證把所有題目做完。相比有同學在有限時間內穩妥做完題目，強求做完所有題目就無法不能保證準確率。
GRE閱讀詞彙精選之貶低蔑視
abase v.貶抑，使卑下
belittle v.輕視，貶抑
condescension n.自以爲高人一等，貶低(別人)
debase v.貶低，貶損
decry v.責難，貶低(價值)
demean v.貶抑，降低
depreciate v.貶低，貶值
derogate v.貶低，誹謗
detractor v.貶低者
disparage v.貶抑，· 輕蔑
epithet n.(貶低人的)短語或形容詞
pejorative adj.帶有輕蔑意義的，· 貶低的
downplay v.貶低，· 低估
underrate v.低估,估計過低,看輕
contempt n.輕視，· 鄙視
contemptible adj.令人輕視的
disdain v.輕視、鄙視
disdainful adj.鄙視的
scorn n.v.輕蔑、瞧不· 起
misprision n.輕視，· 蔑視
despise vt.輕視
slight v.n. 輕蔑,怠慢 a.輕微的,纖細的
flout v.蔑視，· 違抗
defiance n.蔑視,挑釁
sneer v.嘲笑，· 鄙視
degrade v.降格，· 降級
demote v.降級，· 降職
relegate v.降級，· 貶謫
