GRE閱讀高頻機經原文：星系吞食

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GRE閱讀高頻機經原文：星系吞食

. 星系吞食

Galactic cannibalism refers to the process by which a large galaxy, through tidal gravitational interactions with a companion, merges with that companion, resulting in a larger, often irregular galaxy. The most common result of the gravitational merger of two or more galaxies is an irregular galaxy of one form or another, although elliptical galaxies may also result.

It has been suggested that galactic cannibalism is currently occurring between the Milky Way and the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. Streams of gravitationally-attracted hydrogen arcing from these dwarf galaxies to the Milky Way is taken as evidence for this theory.

A long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away, the real battle of “star wars” was wreaking havoc on two galaxies. These two galaxies, known as the “Antennae Galaxies,” were locked in a cosmic battle of tug-of-war. This process of galactic destruction is more common than once thought, and may even contribute to the growth of some galaxies. Figure 1: The Antennae Galaxies1 Each galaxy contains billions and billions of stars. This makes galaxies extraordinarily heavy, or massive, and massive objects can exert very strong gravitational forces in space. Just as Earth can “feel” the pull of the Sun from millions of miles away, so too can a galaxy “feel” the gravitational tug of another galaxy. This gravitational tug is much stronger for massive objects like galaxies than it is for our Sun, so galaxies that are millions of light-years away from each other can still feel the pull of another massive galaxy, even though they are so far apart. Like the Antennae Galaxies (Figure 1), two galaxies that feel the tug of each other will race towards each other at incredible speeds, eventually colliding in a galactic display of fireworks.

So how do we know if two galaxies are in the process of merging? We cannot simply say that two galaxies that look close together are going to collide; we often see images containing two or more galaxies lying on top of each other and that are millions of light years away from each other! Astronomers can use various tools to find the distances between galaxies, which can tell us if the galaxies are close enough to be merging; however, a much easier method is to look for distorted galaxies. The first signs of war are streams of stars that are pulled out from each galaxy2. In Figure 2 below, we can see a large stream of stars, dust, and gas that is being plucked out from the galaxy on the left by its neighboring galaxy. The explanation for this stream is relatively straightforward, but wordy. First, let’s label the galaxy on the left “Galaxy A” and the galaxy on the right “Galaxy B”. As the two galaxies approach each other, the stars in Galaxy A will all feel the gravitational pull of Galaxy B. However, because the stars on the right side of Galaxy A are closer to Galaxy B, they will feel a stronger pull. This is due to the fact that the force of gravity is inversely proportional to distance (i.e., objects close to a massive object will feel a stronger force, or tug, than objects far away). Eventually the two galaxies will get so close that Galaxy A will not be able to hold on to its stars closest to Galaxy B. The gravitational pull of Galaxy B will be strong enough that it can begin to pull out material from Galaxy A, creating a stream of stars, dust, and gas. This scenario is not unique to Galaxy A, however. Just as Galaxy B will exert a force on Galaxy A, so will Galaxy A exert a force on Galaxy B. Typically, both merging galaxies will have these streams. This is only the first stage in a galactic collision, however. The end results are much more interesting. The final scenario for this galactic battle is one of two cases. If the galaxies are moving fast enough, then all that may remain is a misshapen clump of stars, the remnant of a destroyed galaxy. Faster moving galaxies may even punch a hole in another galaxy, leaving its victim with a gaping hole surrounded by a ring of stars. The other scenario is a galactic merger. In this case, bigger is always better. The larger, more massive galaxy will swallow up the smaller, less massive galaxy, resulting in galactic cannibalism. There is evidence that our own galaxy, the Milky Way, has participated in this uncouth ceremony. You might think it impossible for astronomers to know if the Milky Way has devoured its neighboring brethren. If our galaxy really did absorb another galaxy, then all of the victim’s stars would now be part of the Milky Way, and there would be no way to tell if any single star is our own or came from the victim. To solve this riddle, we must return to the topic of streams. As a small, dwarf galaxy collides and passes through our large, massive galaxy, it will pull some of the Milky Way’s own stars with it. Galaxies may collide several times over millions of years before they merge, so there is a good chance we can catch these streams of stars.

GRE閱讀詞彙精選之緩和、安慰

alleviate　v.緩和，減輕

assuage　v.緩和，減輕

cushion　n.坐墊　　v.減輕，緩和

mitigate　v.減輕，緩和

palliate　v.減輕(痛苦)，掩飾(罪行)

palliation　n.減輕，緩和

salve　n.藥膏，v.減輕，緩和

appease　v.使平靜，安撫

conciliate　v.安撫，調和

conciliation　n.安慰，安撫

console　v.安慰，撫慰

consolation　n.安慰，慰藉

mollify　v.安慰，安撫

reassure　v.使安心，安慰

reassurance　n.安慰(的話)，放心

solace　n.安慰.慰藉

soothe　v.　緩和,使安靜,安慰

常用詞還有placate,　comfort,　relieve,　ease,　pacify,　lighten

即興

extemporize　v.即席演說

impromptu　adj.即席的，即興的

improvise　v.即席而作(adj.　improvised)

improvisation　n.即席創作

ad-lib　v.　即興演唱，臨時穿插，信口說出

extemporaneous　a.　無準備的,即席的,臨時的

offhand　adj.　adv.　即時的,即席的,無準備的

unrehearsed　adj.　未經預演的

GRE閱讀詞彙精選之狂歡

bacchanal　n.(行爲放縱的)狂歡會

bacchanalian　adj.狂歡的,行爲放縱的

carouse　v.n.狂飲尋樂

carousal　n.歡鬧的酒宴

carnival　n.狂歡節

convivial　adj.歡樂的，狂歡的

revelry　n.狂歡

saturnalia　n.縱情狂歡

spree　n　狂歡，· 縱樂，· 宴會

razzle　n　狂歡聚會

randan　n　歡鬧，· 狂歡

gala　n.　祭日,節日,祝賀

jamboree　n.快樂，· 喧鬧的集會

-名人

celebrated　adj.有名的，知名的.

celebrity　n.名人，知名人士

distinction　n.區別、差別，知名

distinguished　adj.著名的，卓越的

eminent　adj.著名的、顯著的

illustrious　adj.著名的，顯赫的

luminary　n.傑出人物，名人

notability　n.著名，顯著

personage　n.名人，(戲劇)角色

prestigious　adj.有名望的,有威信的

renown　n.名望，聲譽

renowned　adj.著名的

reputable　adj名譽好的，有聲望的

reputation　n.名聲，名譽.

socialite　n.社會名流，名士

galaxy　n.(銀河)星羣，顯赫的人羣

GRE閱讀詞彙精選之誇張

bombast　n.高調，誇大之辭

exaggerate　v.誇張,誇大

exaggeration　n.誇張

grandiloquent　adj(語言等)誇張的，誇大的

grandiose　adj.浮誇的，誇大的

high-flown　adj.誇張的，好高騖遠的

hyperbole　n.誇張法

hyperbolic　adj.誇張的

magniloquent　adj.誇張的

rhetoric　n.修辭學，浮誇的言語

turgid　adj.浮腫的，浮誇的

grandiosity　n　宏偉,堂皇,誇張

overstate　vt　誇大的敘述,誇張

stilted　adj.(文章，談話)不自然的

bombastic　adj.唱高調的

fustian　n.空洞的話，無意義的高調

-雜色

motley　adj.混雜的，雜色的

mottled　adj.有雜色的，斑駁的

pied　adj.雜色的

dappled　adj.有斑點的，斑駁的

variegated　adj.斑駁的，形形色色的

roan　n　雜色馬

piebald　a.　花斑的　n.　花馬

brindled　a.　有斑的,有斑紋的

multicolored　adj.　多色的