黑客面面觀 神祕背後的祕密

The lone wolf 獨行俠

Hacking has its roots in recreation. "The majority of people hacking are just people," Schneier says, meaning they aren't connected to a hacking network other than chat rooms and online forums. "It's just guys messing around."
人們當黑客的根本原因是爲了消遣。施奈德指出：“大部分黑客只是普通人。”這意味着他們本身並不屬於某個黑客網絡，一般只是通過聊天室和在線論壇進行聯繫。“他們只是一些四處搗亂的普通人。”

Some members of this breed of hacker eventually go corporate. For example, Linus Torvalds, the man who wrote the central component for the Linux operating system, has a well-respected hacking history. He even co-authored a book called The Hacker Ethic, published in 2001. Another high-profile hacker is Apple (AAPL) co-founder Steve Wozniak, who speaks openly about his early days at UC Berkeley, building and selling devices that could hack phone networks to make free calls.
這類黑客中的某些人最終投向了企業的懷抱。例如Linux操作系統的核心組件程序是萊納斯·託瓦茲寫出來的，他一度曾是黑客界高山仰止的人物，甚至還與人合寫了一本書，名字就叫《黑客的道德準則》（The Hacker Ethic），該書已於2001年出版。另一位知名度頗高的黑客是蘋果（Apple）的共同創始人史蒂夫·沃茲尼亞克，他公開坦承自己早年在加州大學伯克利分校(UC Berkeley)學習期間，曾經制作並銷售過能夠侵入電話網絡免費打電話的設備。

Hacktavism"“黑客主義”

There's another, relatively new breed of hacker that seeks publicity. These are typically politically-motivated groups, says Ethan Zuckerman, a researcher at Harvard University's Berkman Center for Internet and Society. The attacks they launch, he says, are "really designed to get the press release."
還有一類黑客專門以獲得曝光率爲目的。這類黑客出現得相對較晚。哈佛大學伯克曼互聯網與社會中心（Berkman Center for Internet and Society）研究員伊桑·扎克曼表示，這類黑客一般都是具有某種政治動機的團體，而他們所進行的黑客攻擊，“實際目的是要獲得媒體曝光率”。

One of the most famous groups is Anonymous, an anarchic network of hackers that periodically organizes to shut down websites, either for fun or for some political purpose. Generally, the group launches a "denial of service" (DDoS) attack, which targets and cripples a specific site. Anonymous has launched several such campaigns, most famously its 2008 efforts to take down the digital presence of the Church of Scientology, which involved a DDoS attack and offline protests by masked members. Recently, the group forewarned an attack against the Federal Reserve, calling for the resignation of Chairman Ben Bernanke via a YouTube video, though none of the Fed's websites have been shut down yet.
其中最出名的黑客團體之一叫作“匿名”（Anonymous）。這是一個鬆散的黑客網絡，經常組織起來對某些網站進行攻擊，有時是爲了好玩，有時則是爲了某些政治目的。通常這個團體會對目標發動一次“阻斷服務”（DdoS）攻擊，目的是要使某個特定網站癱瘓。“匿名”已經進行了好幾次這樣的攻擊，其中最著名的一次當屬2008年對山達基教會（Church of Scientology）網站的攻擊。黑客們網上網下兩線作戰，既發動了阻斷服務攻擊，又組織其成員戴着面具進行抗議示威。最近，“匿名”還在Youtube上發了一個警告視頻，稱要對美聯儲（the Federal Reserve）進行攻擊，要求美聯儲主席本·伯南克下臺。不過到目前爲止，還沒有任何一個美聯儲的網站被“黑”掉。

Another group called LulzSec has also stirred up news recently. On Wednesday, it temporarily crashed the Central Intelligence Agency's public website, . LulzSec has also claimed responsibility for breaches at PBS, Fox and Sony (SNE). For the Sony attack, LulzSec's goal was to showcase a pitiful lack of online security at the company, according to Phil Blank, a senior security analyst at Javelin Strategy & Research, and it succeeded. "It's a very fundamental, basic attack that no modern corporation should be subjected to -- it's embarrassing."
另一個叫LulzSec的黑客團體最近也曝出新聞。本週三該組織攻擊了美國中央情報局的公共網站，導致該網站暫時關閉。LulzSec還宣稱對美國公共廣播公司（PBS）、福克斯電視臺（Fox）和索尼的被“黑”負責。標槍戰略研究公司（Javelin Strategy & Research）的高級安全性分析師菲爾·布蘭克表示，LulzSec之所以要攻擊索尼，僅僅是爲了證明索尼的網絡安全性低得可憐，而且他們成功了。布蘭克說：“這是一次非常基本、非常初級的攻擊，任何一家現代企業都不應該抵擋不住這樣一次攻擊——實在太丟人了。”

Hacking spies 黑客間諜

Government-backed hacking efforts are a different story -- they have much more funding, but can still be next to impossible to trace. They're also happening all the time, Schneier says: "The U.S. is doing it, China is doing it. Governments have spied on each other for thousands of years."
由政府支持的黑客行爲就是另一回事了。他們資金更雄厚，而且幾乎無法追蹤他們的行蹤。施奈德表示：“美國這麼幹，中國也這麼幹。各國相互祕密偵察的做法已經有幾千年的歷史了。”

While complicated, expensive hacks are more likely to involve government investment, it can be difficult to prove the connection. Earlier this month, the IMF announced to its faculty and staff that it had suffered a cyberattack, but hasn't released details. There has been speculation that the attack received funding from a foreign government, says Phil Blank, a senior security analyst at Javelin Strategy & Research, but there's little public proof. "To be able to create the attack from that distance requires a substantial infrastructure, IT work and research," he says. "Generally speaking, that is out of the scope of most individuals, and it's probably not corporate espionage."
複雜、密集的黑客攻擊行動背後可能都有政府資助的影子，但要證實這種聯繫卻很困難。本月早些時候，國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）向其工作人員通報IMF遭受了一次網絡攻擊，不過並沒有公佈細節。標槍戰略研究公司的高級安全性研究員菲爾·布蘭克表示，有人推測這次攻擊獲得了某個外國政府的資助，但卻幾乎沒有任何公開的證據能證實這種猜測。布蘭克說：“如此長距離的遠程攻擊需要一個龐大的基礎架構以及一支龐大的IT工作和研究力量。一般說來，這種攻擊超出了大多數個人的能力，而且可能並不是企業的刺探行爲。”