中英雙語話歷史 第75期:元朝(蒙古族的興起和元朝的統一)
The rise of the Mongols and Genghis khan united the tribes ： 1) The origin of the Mongols ： the Mongols was an old ethnic group in the North of China, and it was called Mengwushiwei in the Tang Dynasty, a branch of Shiwei tribes.
They lived in the Ergun River valley and in the 8th century they began to move to the West.
他們原住在額爾古納河流域，8世紀時開始西遷。At that time there were many tribes, of which the bigger ones were Tartar, Kelie, Naiman and Wanggu etc.
當時蒙古草原上有許多部落，較大的有塔塔兒、克烈、乃 蠻、汪古等部。
Mongol was only the title of a tribe. When it united all the tribes, Mongol became the general name for all the tribes on the prairie.
蒙古原是一個部落的名稱，後來蒙古統一各部以後，它就成爲草原各部的通稱。2) Genghis khan united the mongolian tribes： from the 10th century the mongoLian tribes and clans began to be under the control of Liao and Jin.
②成吉思汗統一蒙古各部。10世紀開始，蒙古各部先後受遼、金控制。12世紀時，隨着社會生產力的發展和外部影響的加強,蒙古的部落氏族制度 開始瓦解,貧富分化激烈，出現了部落貴族、牧民和奴隸。When it came to the 12th century, with the promotion of the productivity and the increase of the fluence, the Mongolian tribes and clans began to separate and the intense polarization of rich and poor emerged, and then the tribe nobles, shepherds and the slaves came into being.
蒙古各部首領爲了掠奪奴隸、牲畜和牧地,進行了無休止的戰爭。The tribes had the endless war to plunder slaves, livestocks and the pastures.
蒙古部孛兒只斤氏的貴族鐵木真，在長期的征戰中壯大了自己的力量，統一了蒙古各部。Tiemuzhen, the noble of Borzhiqin of the Mongols developed his power greatly in the long-term war and united the MongoLian tribes. In 1206, the leaders of all the MongoLian tribes had a meeting and elected Tiemuzhen the Great Han and honored him Genghis khan and then the Mongolia khanates was founded.
1206年，蒙古各部首領召開大 會，推舉鐵木真爲大汗，尊稱成吉思汗，建立了蒙古汗國。West and South expeditions of the Mongols ： After the foundation of mongolia khanates, Genghis Khan and his followers launched large-scale wars.
蒙古的西征和南下：蒙古汗國建立後，成吉思汗及其子孫發動了大規模的戰爭。First, Genghis Khan led the troops on a Western expedition himself from 1219 to 1225 and occupied the middle Asia and the Southern Russian pasture.
首先,1219年到1225年成吉思汗親自帥軍西征，佔領中亞西亞和南俄羅斯草原。Then he had the Southern expedition and conquered Xia in 1227 and Jin in 1234.
繼而南下，1227年成吉思汗帥軍滅夏，1234年滅金。In the year of 1260, Ku-blai inherited the Han and changed the reign title into Yuan and Kublai was Yuan Shizu (the first king of the Yuan Dynasty).
1260年，忽必烈繼承汗位,1271年改國號爲元，即元世祖。Yuan Shizu continued to go to South and attacked the Southern Song Dynasty and occupied many places of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze e he was resisted heavily by the soldiers and people of the Southern Song Dynasty.
元世祖繼續南下進攻南宋，佔領長江中下游許多地方，但遭到南宋軍民的英勇抵抗。In 1279, the Southern Song Dynasty was conquered and the Yuan Dynasty united China.
1279年，南宋滅亡，元朝統一了中國。The importance that Yuan united China：That Yuan united the country ended the situation that Song，Xia and Jin’s co-existence and laid a foundation for Yuan， Ming and Qing dyasties long-term unification of more than 600 years.
元朝統一中國的歷史意義:元朝的統一，結束了遼、宋、夏、金等政權長期並立的局面，從而奠定了元、明、清600多年的長期統一的基礎。The appearance of the united feudal empire promoted and strengthened inter-ethnic ties of e-conomy and culture, and made the multinational country more prosperous.
大統一的封建帝國的再現,促使國內各民族之間的經濟文化聯繫進一步加強，促使多民族國家進一步繁榮。The u-nification was also a process that rulers of all ethnic groups collaborated.
元朝統一的過程,也是各族統治者合流的過程。After the Mongols occupied the central plain, they adopted the administration of the Hans and the other ethnics, the “Han Laws” and had formed an allied government with the dominance of the Mongol aristocracy, including the Han landlords.
蒙古貴族進佔中原地區後，吸收漢族和其他各族地主參政，採用“漢法”，形成了以蒙古貴族爲主,包括漢族地主在內的聯合統治。
