中英雙語話歷史 第39期:漢朝(科學與文化)
In the fields of science and culture, the Eastern Han exceeded the former Western Han due to the enhanced regime and the maintained stability of the society in its early period.
Wang Chong was a militant materialist and philosopher, whose main workLuAi/ie/ig (Discourses Weight in the Balance) lashed out at orthodox theology, and showed a rationalist critic of superstition and the thought of cosmic universalism.
王充是唯物主義思想家和哲學家，著《論衡》 抨擊封建神學，批判神祕主義和世俗迷信。Regarding yuan qi (primordial substance) as the original material basis of all things, heaven and earth included, he took matter as the point of departure in interpreting natural phenomena and life itself.
他主張元氣論，認爲天地萬物都是元氣分化出來的，人與物稟氣而生，氣散而亡，天道自然無爲，沒有意志和神靈。
His great book erected a monument in Chinese history of atheism in the method of demonstration and argumentation.
他的著作用實證和說理的方法,在中國無神論史上樹起一座豐碑。Ban Gu was the editor of Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger Hall , but what earned his lasting academic fame is his History of the Han Dynasty .
東漢班固是《白虎通義》的編撰者，但使他名聲大震的卻是《漢書》。Following the biographic-thematic style of Records of the Historian , Ban Gu spent twenty years finishing this voluminous work.
班固花費20多年的心血，仿《史記》，著成了中國第一部斷代史《漢書》。The book comprises 100 volumes, covering the history of 230 years from the peasant uprisings towards the end of the Qin Dynasty to the defeat of Wang Mang.
《漢書》共100篇，敘述了秦末農民戰爭至王莽覆滅的230年的斷代歷史。In 105, Cai Lun improved the old technique of paper making, using tree barks, rags and old fishing nets to make paper，which was called Marquis Cai，s paper in honour of the inventor.
公元105年，蔡倫改造了原有的紙張製造技術，用樹皮、麻頭、破布、舊漁網等原料造紙，被稱爲“蔡侯紙”。It put an end to the use of bamboo slips as writing materials and became one of the four great ancient Chinese inventions. Chinese paper making was spread to Japan from Korea in the 7th century，to Arabia in the 8th and to Europe in the 12th, which contributed greatly to the development ol world culture.
中國的文字記錄方式脫離了使用竹簡的時代，同時造紙術也成爲中國古代四大發明之一，中國的造紙術在7世紀傳人日本、朝鮮，8 世紀傳人阿拉伯，12世紀傳入歐洲，這都極大地促進了世界文化的發展。In the field of natural science, represented by Zhang Heng, the academe of the Eastern Han made great achievements.
在自然科學方面，以張衡爲代表的東漢學術界，有着很高的成就。Zhang Heng invented seismography and the Armillary Sphere so as to observe the universe and perceive earthquake. The theories of making this equipment are still in a wide application.
張衡則以高超的工藝製造了“渾天儀”、“地動儀”等科學儀器，觀察天象，感應地震。製造這些儀器的原理至今仍被廣泛使用。The Mathematics in Nine Sections , completed in early Eastern Han after repeated revision over a long period, systematically summarized the important achievements in this field since the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States periods.
《九章算術》完成於東漢初年。此前先後有多人對 其進行了修改、補充。該書系統總結了春秋、戰國以來的數學成就。The book contained 264 applied mathematics problems and was divided into nine sections according to the methods of solution and field of application.
書中收有264個數學應用問題,並依照問題的解法和應用範圍分爲9個部分。Its appearance demonstrated that mathematics in China had developed into a scientific system.
《九章算術》的完成標誌着中國的數學已發展成爲一個科學體系。Emperor Shen Nong*s Material and Medica (Shengnong Bai Cao) is the earliest existent pharmaceutical work of the Eastern Han and the first systematic conclusion about the medicine application, known as the classic of the traditional Chinese pharmaceutical system.
《神農本草經》是現存最早的藥物學專著，爲我國早期臨牀用藥經驗的第一次系統總結，歷代被譽爲中藥學經典著作。The book is composed of three volumes, recording 365 kinds of medicine—252medicinal herbs, 67 Animal drugs and 46 mineral drugs— together with their locations, their properties, their functions, their efficacy and their mixed application.
全書分三卷，載藥365種（植物藥252種，動物藥67種，礦物藥46種）。書中對每一味藥的場地、性質、採集和主治病症都有詳細記載。對各種藥物怎樣相互配合應用，以及簡單的製劑，都做了概述。Zhang Zhongjing was from the modern Nanyang, Henan province, one of the most eminent Chinese physicians during the last years of the Eastern Han.
張仲景，今河南南陽人，是東漢末年的名醫。During his time, many people were infected with febrile Disease.
漢末疫疾流行，大批人感染死亡。He learned medicine from his townfellow Zhang Bozu, assimilating from previous medicinal literature, and collecting many prescriptions elsewhere, finally writing the medical masterpiece Shanghan Zabing Lun or Treatise on Febrile Diseases .
張仲景從師同鄉張伯祖學醫。他汲取前人醫學著作之所長,廣泛於寫出了傳世鉅著《傷寒雜病論》。Due to Zhang ’ S contribution to Traditional Chinese medicine he is often regarded as the sage of Chinese medicine.
後人尊稱他爲“醫宗之聖”。Hua Tuo, a famous physician at the end of the Eastern Han, first employed the method of anesthesia in his surgical operation. He devised a series of exercises based on the movements of five animals (tiger, deer, bear, ape, and crane) known as wuqinxi , or “ Frolics of The Five Animals ”，which helps to enhance health.
另外，東漢末年的名醫華佗，是有記載以來第一位利用麻醉技術對病人進行手術治療的外科醫生，他創造的“五禽戲”是我國第一套體操性質的健身活動。In the field of agriculture, Fan Shengzhi (his book Fan Shengzhi Shu ) proposed measurements to ameliorate the harvest results. The peasantry was recognized as the provider of the whole society, and his work had to be estimated.
範勝之著《範勝之書》,提出了改進農業生產的方法，認爲農民要爲全社會提供糧食，爲此必須對其勞動進行評估。While men worked the fields, women had to spin and to wave.
男人在田間勞作，女人應在家中紡紗織布。Fan Shengzhi also made propositions for gardening, horse breeding, and the breeding of silkworms.
他還對園藝、養馬、養蠶提出了建議。In this period, calligraphy and painting no longer merely served as picture writing ,they began to develop into a kind of art.
到東漢時期，書法、繪畫已不單純作爲文字圖形符號使用，它們的藝術地位逐漸顯露出來。
