巧妙躲過納粹大屠殺的十個猶太家庭(上)

The Holocaust showed the horrors humans can inflict on one another. Yet the resilience displayed by those who lived through the Nazis' brutal reign shows the strength of the human spirit. Those who escaped the Holocaust did so through cunning, daring, and the sheer unwillingness to give in to the evil around them.

納粹對猶太人等其他少數族裔的大屠殺表明人類可以製造多大的恐怖。而那些有幸逃過納粹滅絕統治的人們所展現的韌性則又說明人類精神的力量多麼頑強。他們聰明、大膽、不願向邪惡投降，死裏逃生。

mierz Piechowski

10.卡茲米爾茲·佩特羅夫斯基

Around 1.1 million people were killed in the Auschwitz concentration camps between 1940 and 1945. Though the Nazis were murdering hundreds of people each hour, only 144 were able to escape during the camp's five years of operation. Among them was Kazimierz Piechowski, whose breakout with three other men reads like a Hollywood drama.

在1940年到1945年間，約有110萬人死於奧斯維辛集中營。納粹集團每小時殺害幾百人，在集中營發揮作用的5年時間裏，只有144人逃出來。其中包括卡茲米爾茲·佩特羅夫斯基，他與另外3人逃跑的經歷就像一部好萊塢電影。

Piechowski had already tried to flee from his native Poland when the Nazis arrived in 1939. The 19-year-old was caught on the Hungarian border on his way to join resistance forces. Eight months later, he was one of the earliest people shipped to Auschwitz, on the second-ever howski was forced to build parts of the camp. He was also among the workers forced to move the bodies of men, women, and children shot by the SS. The prisoners were forced to work for up to 15 hours each day. Some of the prisoners were given work that granted them access to the list of planned executions. One of Piechowski's friends, Eugeniusz Bendera, learned that he was scheduled to be shot. Bendera told Piechowski he could organize a car to escape, but a car wasn't had access to the storerooms, where everything from uniforms to ammunition was kept. One morning, Piechowski loosened a bolt on a trapdoor into the storerooms' coal cellars. It was June 20, 1942, a Saturday—there were fewer Germans around on the weekend. The four plotters gathered containers of kitchen waste and told a guard that they were tasked with taking the waste away. The guard waved them out of the main four men stole four SS uniforms. Bendera used a copied key to get into the camp's garage and stole the fastest car in Auschwitz, which happened to belong to the camp's commander. They drove for the main gate but didn't know if they would need a pass to get out. As they approached, the gate remained closed. It fell on Piechowski, in the most senior officer's uniform, to do one of the most fateful impersonations in history. In his best German, he yelled at the guard to open up, threatening retribution otherwise. The scared guard r two hours driving on back roads through the forest, the four men abandoned their car and set out on foot. Piechowski and Bendera joined the Polish Home Army to fight the Nazis. According to Piechowski, their daring breakout led to one of the most iconic images of the Holocaust—numbered tattoos so that inmates could be permanently identified. According to Piechowski, "No other camp used numbering—it was our escape that led to it."

1939年納粹侵入家鄉波蘭時，佩特羅夫斯基已經計劃逃跑了。19歲的他打算去參加防禦部隊，途中卻在匈牙利邊境被抓。8個月後，他成爲早期被運往奧斯維辛集中營的一員，是第二批。佩特羅夫斯基被迫修建集中營。他還被迫搬運男女老少的屍體——被黨衛軍槍殺的人。集中營的犯人每天必須工作15個小時。其中有些人因爲工作被允許看到屠殺名單。佩特羅夫斯基的一位朋友，埃烏蓋紐什·本德拉獲悉自己在被害名單上。本德拉告訴佩特羅夫斯基，他能找到一輛車逃跑，但是一輛還不夠。他們來到儲藏室，裏面存有制服、彈藥等一切物資。一天早上，佩特羅夫斯基解開一扇地板門的門閂——這扇門通往儲藏室的地下煤窖。那是1942年6月20日，星期六——週末德國人少些。4個密謀者把廚房垃圾集中到一起，告訴衛兵他們接受了運走垃圾的任務。衛兵打發他們離開了集中營。4人偷了4套黨衛軍制服。本德拉用一把配好的鑰匙進入了集中營車庫，偷走了奧斯威辛速度最快的車——碰巧屬於集中營指揮官。他們開車去了大門，但不知道出去是否需要通行證；到達時，大門緊閉。佩特羅夫斯基——身着級別最高的制服，他的行動可算曆史上最具決定意義的模仿。他用一口標準的德語向衛兵大吼開門，威脅他們不開門就會獲罪。受到驚嚇的衛兵服從了。沿着森林裏的小路開了兩個小時之後，4人棄車而去。佩特羅夫斯基和本德拉加入波蘭家鄉軍對抗納粹。據佩特羅夫斯基所說，他們大膽出逃促使大屠殺出現了一項標誌——編號紋身，以便犯人總能被認出；"其他集中營都不使用編號——是我們逃跑導致的"。

Stermer Family

9.史特門一家

In 1962, Frenchman Michel Siffre set a world record for time spent living underground. Yet Siffre's 205 days had already been beaten by more than a dozen women and children. Starting in 1943, 38 Jews hid beneath the wheat fields of Western Ukraine. They were there for 344 days, but the story remained untold until 1993, when American caver Chris Nicola uncovered it.

1962年，法國人邁克爾·斯佛爾創造了待在地下室最久的世界紀錄。然而，斯佛爾205天的記錄早已被十多位婦女兒童打破。從1943年開始，38位猶太人藏在烏克蘭西部麥田地下。他們在那裏度過了344天，但直到1993年美國洞穴運動愛好者克里斯·尼古拉發現了這個地方，這個故事才被披露。

Nicola was exploring Priest's Grotto, the world's 10th-longest cave at 124 kilometers (77 mi) long. The humidity is 90 percent there, and the temperature hovers around 10 degrees Celsius (50 °F). This was supposed to be a largely untouched spot, but Nicola noticed shoes, buttons, and other signs that people had lived there. Locals said that the items had been there for decades. Nicola investigated further and encountered the Stermer family, who revealed that they and several other Jewish families had taken refuge in the cave during World War II. They'd been fortunate to find an underground freshwater lake, but food was more difficult. The men of the group had to go above ground to bargain for grain or steal vegetables. Dough and roots were almost their entire diet. They set up a kitchen underground and even a millstone for grinding flour. The hideaways suffered from scurvy and lost up to a third of their bodyweight. Miraculously, no one got seriously ering firewood was most dangerous. The men had to chop down trees in the dark, but it was noisy. One day after getting grain, some of the Jews were followed back to the cave by Ukrainian police. They were saved by a sack of food lodged in the cave entrance. The authorities believed the Jews were armed and had multiple entrances, so they just waited. No one left the cave for six weeks, and the Nazi collaborators eventually gave the Germans were forced away by the Red Army, one of the group's surface helpers dropped a note in a bottle into the cave entrance. "It was unbelievable to think that I could go outside, go around in daylight, and nobody was going to kill me," said Shulim Stermer, who was in his twenties at the time. All of the 38 people that entered the cave came out alive.

尼古拉正在"牧師的洞穴"探險——其長度達124千米（77英里），世界排名第十。那裏溼度高達90%，溫度在10°C（50°F）上下浮動。人們認爲這是一片處女地，但尼古拉發現了鞋子、鈕釦和人類居住過的其他痕跡。當地人說這些東西已經存在幾十年了。尼古拉繼續調查，發現了史特門一家——他們說他們和其他幾個猶太家庭在二戰中到這裏避難。他們很幸運地找到一處地下淡水湖，但是獲取食物就困難了。男人必須去地面上討價還價買糧食或者偷蔬菜。他們幾乎就吃生麪糰和根。地下建有廚房，甚至還有一個磨面的磨石。躲在這裏的人們不僅患有壞血病，體重還減少了三分之一。神奇的是，沒人患大病。拾柴火是最危險的。男人必須趁黑砍下樹枝，但這會發出噪聲。有一天找到穀物回來時，有人被烏克蘭警察跟蹤了。多虧放在洞口的一大口袋食物，他們幸而得救。當局認爲他們有武裝和多個進出口，於是靜靜等待。6個星期，沒人離開洞穴，納粹最終放棄了。紅軍趕跑德國人之後，其中一位幫助過這羣猶太人的人把一張紙條塞在瓶子裏扔進了洞穴。"難以置信我竟然能出來，在白天四處走動，而且沒人追殺。"沙林·史特門這樣說——當時他二十幾歲。洞穴裏的38人都活着走了出來。

Bretholz

8.里奧·佈雷特霍爾茨

Leo Bretholz was 17 when he was forced to flee from his home in Austria. It was 1938, and Jewish men were being arrested daily by the Nazis. Bretholz's mother bought him a train ticket to Trier, near Germany's border with Luxembourg. The young runaway forded the Sauer River to escape Germany and crossed to Belgium. But that was only the start of seven years of extreme running, hiding, and a lot of escaping.

里奧·佈雷特霍爾茨17歲時被迫逃離奧地利的家鄉。那是1938年，納粹天天都在抓捕猶太男丁。佈雷特霍爾茨的母親給他買了一張火車票到特里爾——靠近德國與盧森堡的邊界。年輕的亡命徒涉過敘爾河以躲避德國，來到比利時。但這只是7年逃亡、躲藏生涯的開始。

Bretholz slept in ditches, found refuge in monasteries, and hid with his people in Jewish ghettos. He was arrested in 1940 and escaped by digging under a fence. He was captured by the Nazis a further six times, but he made his most spectacular getaway in 1942. On November 5, he was crammed into a cattle car on a Nazi train headed for Auschwitz. Along with another man, he spent the day prying at the bars of his cell. Then, when darkness fell, he leaped from the moving train. He needed to wait for the train to slow on a bend and avoid the searchlights operated by Nazi guards at those points in the the late 1940s, Bretholz joined a Jewish resistance group fighting the Nazis, forging IDs, and hunting down German troops. He moved to the US after the war and became a key witness in lawsuits aiming to get compensation from the French rail company that had been complicit in transporting Jews to their deaths. He wrote a book with a title inspired by his great escape, Leap Into Darkness.

佈雷特霍爾茨在下水道里睡覺，在修道院避難，與其他人一起在猶太聚居地躲藏。1940年他被捕，卻在柵欄下挖通道逃跑。他還被納粹抓住過6次，而1942年那次逃跑最奇特。11月5日，他被塞進納粹開往奧斯威辛的一列火車的牛車車廂。他與另外一人一起，一整天都在監牢門口打聽別人。隨後，夜幕降臨，他跳下奔馳的火車。他需要等火車在彎道減速，以避開鐵軌某些地方由納粹衛兵控制的探照燈。40年代後期，佈雷特霍爾茨加入一個對抗納粹的猶太組織：僞造身份證，糾纏德國軍隊。戰後他移民美國，成爲訴法國鐵路公司獲取賠償案的關鍵證人——這個公司參與了把猶太人運至奧斯維辛的陰謀。他寫了一本書，書名的靈感來自他神奇的逃亡經歷，《跳入黑暗》。

Sobibor Breakout

7.索比堡大逃亡

One-third of the six million Jews killed in the Holocaust died in three camps in east Poland between March 1942 and October 1943. At one of these, Sobibor, victims were shipped in on a train and were told they were being showered to prevent disease. The prisoners would often celebrate this news after so many hours crammed into a rail car. Then they were led into a gas chamber.

在死於大屠殺的6百萬猶太人裏，有三分之一於1942年3月至1943年10月在波蘭東部的三個集中營遇害。在其中一個集中營，索比堡集中營，受害者被火車送來，被告知將接受預防疾病的淋浴。在擁擠的火車上度過漫長的時間後，他們常常興奮得慶祝這個消息。隨後他們就被引入毒氣室。

The Nazis kept 600 "work Jews" alive, but they would continually kill and replace these men to prevent a chance at rebellion. By the summer of 1943, the Soviets were nearing the camps, and Himmler wanted to erase all trace of them. The Jewish workers realized that their deaths were inevitable when trains stopped arriving. Some managed to make a run for it, but 10 Jews were executed for each escapee. A minefield was laid around the camp. A mass outbreak was the only option Jews made a plan to break out in October when the camp's toughest SS officer was on leave. At 4:00 PM on October 14, the schemers lured 11 guards into individual traps. The camp's phone lines were cut. But as the daily roll of the prisoners was being called, a guard found one of his dead colleagues and raised the alarm. One of the leaders of the rebellion leaped on a table and told everyone to run, telling the crowd to "let the world know what has happened here."During the escape, 250 people were killed by the Nazis. Among the 58 that survived was 16-year-old Thomas Blatt, who was shot and left for dead by a farmer during his escape. He moved to California and has published works and given interviews about his experiences. He testified in 2009 against one of the camp guards, Jan Demjanjuk, and also became one of the few survivors to privately interview someone behind the atrocities.

納粹讓600個"猶太工人"繼續活着，但是他們不斷殺掉其中的一部分，用其他人替換，防止出現叛亂。到1943年夏天，蘇聯人已經來到集中營附近，希姆萊想要消除集中營的所有痕跡。沒有火車再來，猶太工人意識到他們一定會死。有人逃跑了，但是每逃掉一人另有10人被殺。集中營四周還佈置了一片雷區。集體逃亡是唯一的選擇。猶太人計劃10月逃跑，那時集中營最殘暴的黨衛軍官員正好不在。10月14日下午4點，密謀者引誘11名衛兵分別進入陷阱。集中營的電話線被割斷。但是對犯人進行日常點名時，一個衛兵發現了一具同事的屍體，拉響了警報。一個反叛領袖跳上桌子，大呼快跑，讓大家"告訴世界這裏發生了什麼"。逃跑過程中，250人被納粹殺害。58人被救，其中包括16歲的托馬斯·布拉特，他在逃亡途時中槍，被一個農民拋棄。他移民加州，出版關於自己經歷的作品並接受採訪。2009年，他指證集中營衛兵揚·丹珍朱克；他還是對暴行背後的毒手進行私下采訪的少數倖存者之一。

Arshanskaya Sisters

6.阿希安斯卡婭姐妹

In the winter of 1941, Nazi troops invaded the Ukrainian city of Kharkov. Many Jews died, some hung from lampposts. The soldiers forced thousands to march 20 kilometers (12 mi) out of the city. The Arshanskaya sisters, 14-year-old Zhanna and 12-year-old Frina, were among 13,000 people crammed into an old tractor factory designed to house 1,800.

1941年冬天，納粹軍隊入侵烏克蘭城市哈爾科夫。許多猶太人死去，有些人在路燈柱上吊死。士兵強迫幾千人在城外走了20千米（12英里）。阿希安斯卡婭姐妹，14歲的詹娜和12歲的弗林娜，也隨13000人一起被塞入一間設計容納1800人的舊拖拉機工廠。

The girls' father bribed a Ukrainian guard with a golden pocket watch to secure the release of one of his daughters. He told Zhanna to run, since the older girl had more chance of surviving. Zhanna never saw her father again but was reunited with Frina within a few days. The younger girl never revealed how she was able to get away. The sisters found their way to an orphanage, where the staff created fake identities for na had been playing the piano since she was five. When a local piano tuner heard her play, he offered the two girls a place with a musical troupe that entertained the occupying Nazi forces. The girls began hiding in the spotlight, providing entertainment for the people who had tried to condemn them to death. "We were a precious commodity for the Germans," Zhanna later said. Their value to the Nazis saved their lives. They were ratted out as Jews, but the soldiers declared that there was no proof and kept the girls around. By the end of the war, the musical troupe was taken to the Nazi heartland of the liberators arrived in 1945, the girls were taken to a camp run by American officer Larry Dawson. His brother was an accomplished musician, and the Holocaust was no barrier to love stories. Zhanna married David Dawson after moving to the United States. She has one memento from her life before the Nazis arrived: a sheet of her favorite music. Zhanna grabbed it and kept it with her when her family was forced from their home. It is kept in a safety deposit box, as a treasure for future generations of her family.

女孩兒們的父親用一隻金懷錶賄賂了一個烏克蘭衛兵，請他一定放走一個女兒。他讓詹娜逃跑，因爲大女兒生存的機會更大。詹娜從此再沒見過父親，但在幾天後便與弗林娜團聚。小女兒從不明白她竟然能逃走。姐妹倆來到一家孤兒院，裏面的工作人員爲她們僞造了身份信息。詹娜5歲起就開始彈鋼琴。當地一個鋼琴調音師聽見她彈琴後，介紹兩個女孩兒去一個音樂劇團——爲納粹佔領軍隊表演。姑娘們開始藏在聚光燈下爲企圖殺掉自己的人演出。"對德國人而言，我們是珍貴的消費品。"詹娜後來說。她們對納粹的價值救了她們的命。她們被出賣，但是士兵說沒有證據，留下了她們。等到戰爭結束，音樂劇團被帶到納粹核心地帶——柏林。1945年反法西斯隊伍抵達時，女孩兒被帶到美國軍官拉里·道森管理的軍營。他的兄弟是一位傑出的音樂家，大屠殺並不妨礙愛情故事。詹娜移民美國，嫁給了大衛·道森。她有一件東西紀念納粹到來之前的生活：她最愛曲目的名單。當她們一家被趕出家門時，詹娜一把抓住曲目單帶了出來。她把曲目單放在保險箱裏，作爲留給後代的一筆財富。

翻譯:羅惠月 來源：前十網