巧妙躲過納粹大屠殺的十個猶太家庭(下)

islaw Jerzy Lec

5.斯坦尼斯洛·耶日·勒克

The Polish poet Stanislaw Jerzy Lec was a journalist working in Poland when the Nazis invaded. He tried to flee to Romania but was caught and wound up at the Ternopil concentration camp, where he was led into the woods, given a shovel, and forced to dig his final resting place.

波蘭詩人斯坦尼斯洛是一位記者，納粹入侵時正在波蘭工作。他努力逃往羅馬尼亞，但是被抓到了捷爾諾波爾集中營。他被帶到樹林裏，被迫拿鐵鍬給自己挖墓穴。

The guards who had taken Lec became bored and hungry. One of them was forced to stand with the prisoner while the rest left to get supper. Lec waited until the right moment and killed his captor with a blow to the neck. He later captured the moment with the following poem: He who had dug his own grave looks attentively at the gravedigger's work, but not pedantically: for this one digs a grave not for himself

看管斯坦尼斯洛的衛兵感到煩躁、飢餓。其中必須有一個衛兵在其他人去吃晚飯時與犯人站在一起。斯坦尼斯洛等到時機成熟，重擊衛兵脖子殺了他。後來他在一首詩中描述了這一刻：給自己挖墳墓的人 看起來堅決果斷 對掘墓人的工作，但並不書生意氣：因爲他 掘的墓 不爲自己。

Donning the dead man's SS uniform, Lec made his way to Warsaw, where he met members of the Polish resistance. There, he put his literary skills to use publishing underground newspapers. He was also fluent in German and wrote leaflets for the resistance. He ended the war as a major in the Polish army and fought in battles pushing back against the Nazis.

穿上死去黨衛軍的制服，斯坦尼斯洛來到華沙，碰到了波蘭抵抗軍的成員。在那裏，他運用他的文學技巧發行地下報紙。他的德語還十分流利，爲抵抗軍寫了宣傳冊子。戰爭結束時，他是波蘭軍隊的少校，參加過推翻納粹的戰鬥。

m Friedman

4.約拉姆·弗裏德曼

Yoram Friedman was five years old when Nazi troops arrived in his Polish hometown of Blonie. It was 1939, and within three years, Friedman and his family were forced into the infamous Warsaw Ghetto. About three-quarters of the 400,000 Jews who lived in the Ghetto were killed by the Nazis. Yet Friedman was smuggled out, leaving him to try to keep himself alive in Nazi-occupied Poland at the age of eight.

納粹來到他的故鄉——波蘭的布隆尼時，約拉姆·弗裏德曼才5歲。那是1939年，3年之後，弗裏德曼和他的家人被趕進臭名昭著的華沙猶太區。住在貧民窟的400000猶太人中，約有四分之三被納粹殺害。而弗裏德曼8歲時被偷偷運出，靠自己在納粹佔領下的波蘭生存。

He initially joined a group of Jewish orphans who survived by raiding farms, but that didn't last. Alone again, he knocked on the doors of Polish farmers to beg for help. After being rejected and beaten, he was taken in by a Catholic woman named Magda. She taught Friedman Catholic prayers, renamed him, and warned him never to urinate around Poles because it would reveal that he was circumcised. Local villagers nonetheless suspected that Magda was housing a Jew and reported her to the SS. Her home was burned to the ground, but Friedman was able to get lived in the wild, tying himself to branches high in trees to sleep. He ate wild berries and whatever animals he could catch. A seemingly miraculous chance meeting with his father lasted only moments, when the elder Friedman was caught by Nazis and shot in a potato dman resumed his Catholic identity, going by the name of Jurek, and he found work on a farm. His arm got caught in a wheat grinder one day, and local doctors refused to treat him when they realized he was Jewish, so he lost his right arm entirely. Yet Friedman overcame even this, finding a place in an orphanage when the Soviets arrived in Poland. Three years later, he was found by a Jewish agency and arrived in Israel. Despite being illiterate at that point, teenage Friedman went on to earn a master's degree in math and spent his life as a teacher. In 2013 a film, Run Boy Run, was produced based on his story.

最初他加入了一羣猶太孤兒。他們通過掠奪農場生存，但這沒有持續太久。再次落單之後，他敲開波蘭農戶的門乞討、求助。遭到拒絕和打罵後，他被天主教婦女瑪格達收留。她教弗裏德曼天主教的祈禱文，給他另起名字，還警告他不要在柱子旁邊撒尿，以免暴露。儘管如此，當地村民仍舊懷疑瑪格達屋裏藏有猶太人，並把這件事舉報給了黨衛軍。她家化爲灰燼，但弗裏德曼卻逃跑了。他在荒郊野外生存，把自己綁在高高的樹枝上睡覺。他吃野果子和任何抓得到的動物。他奇蹟般地碰到了父親，儘管兩人見面的時間非常短暫；隨後父親被納粹抓住，在一片土豆地裏被槍斃。弗裏德曼繼續使用天主教身份，叫做朱瑞可，他在一個農場找到了一份工作。一天，他的手臂卡在小麥研磨機裏，當地的醫生髮現他是猶太人後拒絕爲他醫治，導致他丟掉了整條右臂。然而，弗裏德曼克服了這些艱難困苦，蘇聯人到達波蘭時，他在一家孤兒院找到了安身之處。3年以後，一個猶太辦事處找到他，他來到以色列。儘管那時大字不識，少年弗裏德曼獲得了數學碩士研究生學位，成爲一名教師。2013年的電影《孩子快跑！》就是以他的故事爲藍本的。

Joseph

3.羅爾夫·約瑟夫

The Joseph brothers, Rolph and Alfred, had everything against them. They were teenagers in a Jewish family when Hitler came to power, and they lived in Berlin. Their father had fought for Germany during World War I, so they clung to hope that the family would be okay in his home city. But by the 1940s, the boys were left on their own, their parents arrested and shipped away by the Nazi regime.

約瑟夫兄弟，羅爾夫和阿爾弗雷德，事事不順。希特勒掌權時，他們還是一個猶太家庭裏的少年，住在柏林。父親在一戰期間爲德軍打仗，所以他們以爲自己家在家鄉不會出事。但是到40年代，父母被納粹逮捕後送走，孩子們被迫自力更生。

No one who knew the brothers could shelter them together. So they lived separately but met every Wednesday at 11:00 AM, until one morning in 1942. Rolf was accosted by a German soldier and was taken away for interrogation. He was locked in a cell by the Gestapo and whipped for hours to reveal his hiding place and the whereabouts of his brother. Rolf held out, and he was on a train to Auschwitz the next day. Rolf grabbed a pair of pliers from a toolbox in the van that transported him to the train station. He used them to work himself out of his handcuffs. Rolf and his fellow prisoners were able to break a plank away from the side of their cattle car and jump from the train. Yet Rolf's freedom was short-lived. On the way to Berlin, he was betrayed to the Gestapo and arrested again. He was beaten so severely that he developed epilepsy. But Rolf was unbreakable, and he hatched a plan. When he was left alone, he scratched himself and convinced his guards that he was suffering from scarlet fever. The Germans, fearful of catching something, moved Rolf to a hospital. A guard stood outside Rolf's third-floor room, so he jumped out of the ite breaking part of his spine, Rolf crawled through the city to his old hiding place. His brother was there, and the old woman who had taken them in moved them to some land she owned in Berlin's outskirts. The brothers were liberated by the Soviets in 1945, and Rolf went on to become an engineer.

知道這兩兄弟的人都不敢同時收留他倆。他們分別待在兩個地方，每週星期三上午11點見一面，直到1942年一天早上出了事。羅爾夫被一名德國士兵誘騙並帶走問話。他被蓋世太保鎖在一間牢房裏，還捱了幾小時鞭子——被審問他的藏身之所和兄弟的行蹤。羅爾夫招了，第二天就被火車送到了奧斯維辛。在運自己去火車站的貨車上，羅爾夫在一個工具箱裏找到一把鉗子。他用這把鉗子打開了手銬。羅爾夫和其他犯人得以打破牛車一側的木板，跳車逃跑。但羅爾夫的自由轉瞬即逝。在去柏林的路上，他被出賣給蓋世太保，再次被捕。他遭到嚴刑拷打，以至患上癲癇。儘管如此，羅爾夫堅忍不拔，醞釀了一個計劃。被單獨留下後，他撓抓自己，讓衛兵相信自己患上了猩紅熱。德國人害怕染上什麼病，把羅爾夫移送給醫院。他的病房在三樓，門外只站着一個衛兵，於是他跳窗逃跑。雖然摔傷了部分脊椎，羅爾夫爬着穿過城市，回到藏身的老地方。他的兄弟還在那兒，之前收留他們的老婦人把他們轉移到她在柏林郊外的另一個處所。1945年，兄弟倆被蘇聯軍隊解放，羅爾夫後來成爲了工程師。

Chiger Family

2.恰傑一家

One of the largest Jewish ghettos created by the Nazis was in Lwow, Poland. When the Nazis invaded, 200,000 Jews lived in the city, half of them refugees from Germany. In June 1943, the Germans liquidated the ghetto, killing thousands of Jews in the process. Weeks before, a small group led by a man named Ignacy Chiger had dug their way through the floor of their building, using only cutlery. They wanted to find a place to hide, but before they could find a new home, they were found by Polish sewer workers. Among them was Leopold Socha, chief supervisor of the city's entire sewage system.

波蘭的羅烏納粹建立的大型猶太區之一。納粹進犯時，城中住着200000猶太人，其中一半是德國難民。1943年6月，德國人清算這個猶太區，殺掉幾千猶太人。幾周之後，一個名叫伊格納西·恰傑的人帶領一羣人僅用餐刀，從他們的建築下面挖出一條地下通道。他們想找一個藏身之所，但還沒找到就被波蘭下水道工人發現了。利奧波德·索查也在其中，他是整個城市下水道系統的主要監管人。

Socha was sympathetic to their plight, but surviving in the sewers was hellish. The city's sewage system drained into the fast-moving River Poltwa. Early in their 14-month stay underground, the children's uncle slipped into the river and was washed away to his death. The sewer was shared with the city's rats, who tried to steal the group's food. Five weeks into the stay, the group was discovered by unfriendly workers and had to run into the darkness. They were lucky enough to bump into the workers who knew them, who guided them deeper to a new hiding it rained heavily, their area of the sewer would flood and leave only a few inches of space. The parents held their children with faces pressed against the ceiling to breathe. Krystyna Chiger developed a phobia of rain. "I would sit and listen to hear if it was raining, and panic as soon as I heard rain drops," she said later. Both her children developed measles, but both miraculously survived. One of the women was pregnant when they entered the sewers. When their baby was born, its cries threatened to give away the group's existence. Giving testimony in 1947, Krystyna described how "they covered this child with a washbasin. It suffocated and was thrown into the Poltwa."Out of 21 who entered the sewers originally, only 10 survived. Krystyna was overjoyed when the Soviets arrived and she could leave the sewers. Brother Pawelek, too young to remember much of life out of the sewers, was scared of the light and people. He cried to go back underground.

索查很同情他們的困難，但是待在下水道難以忍受。城區的下水道系統接入湍急的河流。他們在地下度過了14個月；開始不久，孩子們的叔叔溜進河裏，被河水沖走，一命嗚呼。下水道里有老鼠，會搶他們的食物。待了5個星期後，他們被兇惡的工人發現，不得不逃進黑暗深處。幸運的是，他們碰上了熟悉的工人，被帶到一處新的庇護所。下水道排水量大時，他們待的地方就會漲水，只留下幾英寸空間。父母把孩子臉向上托起來，讓孩子能夠呼吸。克雷斯蒂娜·恰傑患上了怕雨的恐懼症。"我會坐下來聽有沒有下雨，只要聽見雨滴聲就會恐懼。"她後來說。雖然她的兩個孩子都患上了麻疹，但都奇蹟般地活了下來。逃進下水道的人中還有一名孕婦。嬰兒出生時，它的哭聲差點兒暴露他們。1947年克雷斯蒂娜出庭作證時描述，"他們用一個水槽蓋住這個嬰兒，它窒息死了，被扔進河裏。"共有21人逃進下水道，最後只有10人倖存。克雷斯蒂娜對蘇聯人的到來高興過度，她本可以離開下水道的。帕威爾勒克當時太小，對外面世界的生活沒有記憶，很害怕光線和陌生人。他總說要回到地下去。

ael Kutz

1.邁克爾·庫茲

Michael Kutz was 10 when the Nazis arrived in Nieswiez, Belarus in June 1941. At first, they forced the town's 4,500 Jews to work. Kutz cleaned streets and toilets by day. At night he sneaked out and traded textiles for food, to feed him and his mother. On October 30, the Nazis made every Jew gather in the town square. Those who could work were placed in one group to be kept alive. The rest, including the children, were to be shot.

1941年6月納粹來到白俄羅斯小鎮涅斯維茲時，邁克爾·庫茲才10歲。起初，全鎮4500名猶太人被強迫工作。庫茲白天打掃街道和廁所，晚上悄悄溜出去用絲織品換食物，養活自己和母親。10月30日，納粹讓所有猶太人集中到小鎮廣場。有工作能力的人被分爲一組，活了下來。其他人，包括孩子，都被槍斃了。

Nazi soldiers marched the condemned 5 kilometers (3 mi) into the countryside. Many were shot on the way. The Jews were forced to undress completely and lined up beside a mass grave. Yet the Nazis didn't shoot all of their captives before burying them. They ordered those remaining to jump into the pit to be buried alive. Kutz hesitated, and an officer smashed his head with a rifle. The young boy fell in and was slowly buried beneath the dead and the dying. He later recalled. "I tried as a kid to throw away dead bodies, dead parts of bodies and everything, and to be able to breathe, and then it was quiet."Kutz crawled up through the pit of bodies and saw that no one was there. He ran, still completely naked. He didn't stop until he reached a convent, where the nuns gave him clothes and some food. They were too fearful to harbor a Jewish runaway, though, and Kutz was on his eventually met up with some Russian resistance fighters, who were impressed by Kutz's survival of the pits. They spent the next three years living in the forest, fighting the invading force. Only 12 other Jews from his town wrote an autobiography, If, By Miracle. The title was inspired by the last words from his mother, whispered to him during their march to the death pit. "If, by miracle, you survive, you must bear witness," she told him. Through the hunger, rough sleeping, and difficulty of fighting, he says his mother's final words inspired him to go on.

納粹士兵出城走過的5千米（3英里）備受唾棄——他們一邊走一邊射殺市民。猶太人被迫脫光衣服，在大坑邊上站成一排。然而，納粹並沒有開槍打死所有俘虜就開始掩埋萬人坑。他們命令活着的人跳進去，活埋他們。庫茲猶豫了一下，一個警官用來複槍敲打他的頭。男孩兒掉了下去，慢慢被屍體和快死的人掩埋。他後來回憶到，"我還是個孩子，努力推開屍體、肢體和要死的人，終於能夠呼吸，隨後一片安靜。"庫茲爬出死人堆，沒有看見一個人。他撒腿就跑，連衣服也沒穿。等跑到一個女修道院，他才停下來。女修士給了他衣服和食物。他們不敢收留猶太逃犯，庫茲獨自逃跑了。他最終遇到一些俄羅斯的抵抗戰士，他們很欣賞庫茲從萬人坑死裏逃生的經歷。隨後3年，他們住在森林裏，與侵略軍對抗。鎮上只有另外12個猶太人倖存。庫茲寫了一本自傳，《如果，有奇蹟》。標題的靈感來自母親的遺言——在去萬人坑的途中，母親對他耳語到，"如果，有奇蹟，你活了下來，你一定要作證。"他說母親臨終的話鼓舞他在飢餓、不眠和艱難的戰鬥中堅持下來。

翻譯:羅惠月 來源：前十網