託福閱讀句子改寫要點精析
託福閱讀考試中，有一類題型是句子改寫題，如何做好這些題，下面跟小編一起來通過實例來了解一下託福閱讀句子改寫題的解題技巧——把握作者意圖，希望對大家的託福閱讀提升有幫助
託福閱讀句子改寫要點精析
通過下面具體來看二個例題，“把握作者的意圖”這樣一個原則放在重要的題型中怎麼使用呢?來看個句子改寫題，句子改寫題就是考察你在一個句子內部如何把握它重要的信息。但是直接給你一句話，請你找出它最核心的信息，這其實是很困難的。不妨換一個思路：作者這句話的目的和功能是什麼?
託福閱讀提升實例精析：例1 [結果]These plants are termed opportunists because [原因]they rely on their seeds’ falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.
A. Because [原因]their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer present, [結果]dandelions are classified as opportunists.
B. [結果]Dandelions are called opportunists because [原因]they contribute to the natural processes of erosion and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy.
C. The term opportunists apply to plants whose seeds fall in places where they can compete with the seeds of other plants.
D. The term opportunists apply to plants whose falling seeds are removed by natural processes.
你發現原句中有個because，就知道這句話是在解釋，必定有因有果。我們先去找因和果。結果是這些植物被稱爲機會主義者，原因是它們依賴種子掉進一個環境，後面說這個環境裏競爭性的植物已經被移除了，即沒有競爭性的環境。對句子稍做整理後變成，因爲它們依賴自己的種子掉進一個沒有競爭性的環境，所以這些植物被稱爲機會主義者。
有同學會問，後面的such as要怎麼處理。一般我們有個原則，在句子當中如果是補充的信息，那很重要;如果是重複的信息，應該是不重要的。所以看such as只要明白一點，它到底給前面的什麼內容舉例。看例子的內容，會發現說的都是地方，說明是給setting舉例，那麼就可以把它放在一邊。
於是，我們明白作者原句的意圖是在解釋有因果的關係，那麼四個選項中正確的答案必定在邏輯關係和講話的意圖上和原句是一樣的。發現A、B、C、D中只有A和B是有因果的，再進一步看具體的內容，可知A的原因和結果都與原句一致，爲正確選項。
託福閱讀提升實例精析：例2 [轉折前]Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, [轉折後]under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
A. Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the region’s climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.
B. Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron.
C. Because of the region’s present climatic conditions, water is being added each year to the aquifer.
D. Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions, the rates of addition of water continue to increase.
這個題目原句中有一個but unfortunately，說明這句話前後有一個轉折，那麼它最核心的意義是作者前後表示的不同。
看轉折前：aquifer地下蓄水層還有足夠的水來填滿休倫湖。雖然我們不知道休倫湖有多大，但你明白作者的意圖是說水很多。
轉折後：在這個半乾旱的條件下，補充率很小。Amounting to後面給出補充率的數字，是重複內容不重要。
所以明確轉折前說水量大，轉折後說補充率小。然後我們看四個選項，正確答案一定在邏輯關係的表達上是跟But屬於同一個範疇。A有despite，表示轉折、讓步;B有although，讓步;C有個因果，原文沒有存在因果;D有even表示讓步。所以在四個選項中我們會優先考慮A、B、D這三個選項。
仔細看A選項，despite後的內容表示水量大，和原句轉折前相同;而逗號後的內容表示補充率小，和原句轉折後相同。所以A是正確選項。
以上用這二道題來跟大家介紹了理解作者的意圖在句子改寫中怎麼應用。其實說白了就是你要明白作者講一句話它的意圖是什麼，而意圖就是由這些邏輯關係體現的。這裏我建議大家記四類邏輯範疇。
第一類，因果和條件結果在一起，即這兩類邏輯關係可以相互替換。
第二類是轉折、讓步、比較、對比。這個大家比較好理解，可能當中比較麻煩的是比較。舉個例子，你跑得快，但我跑得更快。這是轉折，可以改成比較：我跑得比你快。
第三類是並列、類比。類比是like A and B，表示A和B差不多。舉例來說，我打了你，and我打了他，可以改成我打了你and他。所以類比和並列也可以在一起考慮。
第四類，如果沒有上述明顯的邏輯關係，你就可以考慮其他。所謂其他就是由謂語動詞體現的邏輯關係。
這四類邏輯關係教給大家，希望在做句子改寫題時你通過這樣的邏輯關係來判斷四個選項的優先級。這些就是託福閱讀句子改寫題的解題方法之一，希望對大家託福備考有幫助。
託福閱讀TPO29第3篇:The history of Waterpower
【1】Moving water was one of the earliest energy sources to be harnessed to reduce the workload of people and animals. No one knows exactly when the waterwheel was invented, but irrigation systems existed at least 5,000 years ago, and it seems probable that the earliest waterpower device was the noria, a waterwheel that raised water for irrigation in attached jars. The device appears to have evolved no later than the fifth century B.C., perhaps independently in different regions of the Middle and Far East.
【2】The earliest waterpower mills were probably vertical-axis mills for grinding corn, known as Norse or Greek mills, which seem to have appeared during the first or second century B.C. in the Middle East and a few centuries later in Scandinavia. In the following centuries, increasingly sophisticated waterpower mills were built throughout the Roman Empire and beyond its boundaries in the Middle East and northern Europe. In England, the Saxons are thought to have used both horizontal and vertical-axis wheels. The first documented English mill was in the eighth century, but three centuries later about 5,000 were recorded, suggesting that every settlement of any size had its mill.
【3】Raising water and grinding corn were by no means the only uses of the waterpower mill, and during the following centuries, the applications of waterpower kept pace with the developing technologies of mining, iron working, paper making, and the wool and cotton industries. Water was the main source of mechanical power, and by the end of the seventeenth century, England alone is thought to have had some 20,000 working mill. There was much debate on the relative efficiencies of different types of waterwheels. The period from about 1650 until 1800 saw some excellent scientific and technical investigations of different designs. They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency, the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its kinetic energy. (They also proved that, in principle, the overshot wheel, a type of wheel in which an overhead streamof water powers the wheel, should win the efficiency competition.)
【4】But then steam power entered the scene, putting the whole future of waterpower in doubt. An energy analyst writing in the year 1800 would have painted a very pessimistic picture of the future for waterpower. The coal-fired steam engine was taking over, and the waterwheel was fast becoming obsolete. However, like many later experts, this one would have suffered from an inability to see into the future. A century later the picture was completely different: by then, the world had an electric industry, and a quarter of its generating capacity was water powered.
【5】The growth of the electric-power industry was the result of a remarkable series of scientific discoveries and development in electrotechnology during the nineteenth century, but significant changes in what we might now call hydro (water) technology also played their part. In 1832, the year of Michael Faraday’s discovery that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field, a young French engineer patented a new and more efficient waterwheel. His name was Nenoit Fourneyron, and his device was the first successful water turbine. (The word turbine comes from the Latin turbo: something that spins). The waterwheel, unaltered for nearly 2,000 years, had finally been superseded.
【6】Half a century of development was needed before Faraday’s discoveries in electricity were translated into full-scale power stations. In 1881 the Godalming power station in Surrey, England, on the banks of the Wey River, created the world’s first public electricity supply. The power source of this most modern technology was a traditional waterwheel. Unfortunately this early plant experienced the problem common to many forms of renewable energy: the flow in the Wey River was unreliable, and the waterwheel was soon replaced by a steam engine.
【7】From this primitive start, the electric industry grew during the final 20 years of the nineteenth century at a rate seldom if ever exceeded by any technology. The capacity of individual power stations, many of them hydro plants, rose from a few kilowatts to over a megawatt in less than a decade.
託福閱讀TPO29試題第3篇:The History of Waterpower
word "harnessed" in the passage(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to
n.
nded on.
gnized.
ized.
paragraph 1, uncertainty is expressed about all of the following aspects of the early development of waterpower EXCEPT
exactly the very first waterpower devices were invented.
exactly the very first waterpower devices were developed.
her water was one of the earliest sources of power to be used by humans.
her the very earliest waterpower devices arose independently.
rding to paragraph 2, what was true of the waterpower mills built throughout the Roman Empire?
had horizontal-axis wheels.
r design was based on mills that had long been used in Scandinavia.
r design was more popular beyond the Empire's boundaries than it was within the Empire.
are more advanced than the mills used in the Middle East at an earlier time.
phrase "the application of waterpower" in the passage (paragraph 3)is closest in meaning to
uses to which waterpower was put.
improvement made to waterpower.
method by which waterpower was supplied.
source of waterpower available.
rding to paragraph 4, which of the following was discovered as a result of scientific and technical investigations of waterpower conducted between 1650 and 1800?
types of small waterwheel can produce as much horsepower as the very largest wheels.
rwheels operate more efficiently when water falls away from their blades slowly than when water falls away quickly.
rwheel efficiency can be improved by increasing the amount of kinetic energy water contains as it passes over a waterwheel's blades.
ke other types of waterwheels, the overshot wheel is capable of producing more than 60 horsepower units of energy.
word "pessimistic" in the passage is closest in meaning to
tive.
kely.
rising.
mplete.
term "by then" in the passage refers to
the time steam power entered the scene.
the year 1800.
the year 1900.
the time waterwheel was becoming obsolete.
rding to paragraph 5, why did waterpower become more importantly by 1900?
er waterwheel designs improved the efficiency of waterpower.
rpower was needed to operate steam engines.
rpower was used to generate electricity.
rwheels became more efficient than coal-powered engines.
h of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 5? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
growth of the electric-power industry stimulated significant changes in hydro technology and scientific progress in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century.
changes in hydro technology that led to the growth of the electric-power industry also led to discoveries and developments in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century.
nces in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century and changes in hydro technology were responsible for the growth of the electric-power industry.
the nineteenth century, the scientific study of electrotechnology and hydro technology benefited greatly from the growth of the electric-power industry.
word "unaltered" in the passage is closest in meaning to
proved.
ualed.
anged.
tisfactory.
discussion of the history of electric power production in paragraph 6 supports which of the following?
A.1832 marked the beginning of the industrial production of electric power.
ines using Benoit Fourneyron's design were eventually used to generate electric power.
it Fourneyron quickly applied Michael Faraday's discovery about electric fields to acquire a pattern for a new and more efficient waterwheel.
tical advances in hydro technology were more important to the development of electric power than were advances in the theoretical understanding of electricity.
rding to paragraph 7, what problem did the early power station in the town of Godalming in Surrey, United Kingdom, face in providing electricity?
traditional waterwheel is used was not large enough to meet the demand for energy.
flow of the River Wey, on which the power station depended, was unreliable.
operators of the Godalming power station had little experience with hydro technology.
steam engine that turned the waterwheel was faulty and needed to be replaced.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the e would the sentence best fit? The steam engine that turned the waterwheel was faulty and needed to be replaced.
Raising water and grinding corn were by no means the only uses of the waterpower mill, and during the following centuries, the applications of waterpower kept pace with the developing technologies of mining,iron working,paper making,and the wool and cotton industries. Water was the main source of mechanical power, and by the end of the seventeenth century, England alone is thought to have had some 20,000 working mill. There was much debate on the relative efficiencies of different types of waterwheels. ■【A】The period from about 1650 until 1800 saw some excellent scientific and technical investigations of different designs. ■【B】They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency,the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its kinetic energy. ■【C】(They also proved that, in principle, the overshot wheel, a type of wheel in which anoverhead stream of water powers the wheel, should win the efficiency competition.) ■【D】
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Ever since the development of waterwheel, which occurred no later than 500 B.C., people have used moving water as a source of power.
first water-powered machines were probably used to grind corn, and as technology advanced, waterwheels were used as the main source of power in many industries.
the late nineteenth century an electric power station in England began using water power from a nearby river, creating a dependable source of power that quickly replaced the steam engine.
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, design improvements I waterwheels led to discoveries of how to increase their efficiency and power output.
st every large town in England had a waterpower mill, allowing England to become the world's leader in industries that depended on water for their power.
rpower mills were probably invented about the same time in the Middle East and Scandinavia and then spread to England by about the second century B.C..
r declining in importance in the early 1800's, waterpower came back into demand by the end of the century as a means to power electric plants and water turbines.
託福閱讀TPO29答案第3篇:The History of Waterpower
1.這個單詞後面出現了to，表目的或作用，整句話的意思就是水資源被用於減輕人和動物的勞動。所以很容易推出文中單詞harnessed是使用的意思，因此選擇D。
2.這個題可以看着選項到原文照對應點，A對應原文第二句，正確，不選。B對應雖然沒有直接在原文中提到，但是也可以有這層意思，可以作爲待定選項。但看到C之後就可以排除B了，因爲C和原文第一句有了直接衝突，因此選擇C。D對應這段的最後一句(出現了perhaps)。
3.根據Throughout the roman empire定位到原文紅色標註位置，對於waterpower mill的修飾是increasingly sophisticated也就是更復雜，更先進。因此選擇D。
4.這裏的application指的是水力資源的應用，也就是作用。因此選擇A水利的用處。
5.通過scientific and technical investigation定位到紅色標註部分，後面幾句就是調查的結果了，原文說輸出的功率從1-60馬力不等，水流越smooth，下落越慢，效率就越高。英雌，A選項，原文沒提到。B選項正確。C. water contain的動能並不能改變，而是要儘可能的使其含有的動能釋放出來。D提到了overshot wheel，對應本段最後一句。但是原文並沒說這種輪就能輸出高於60馬單位的能量。
6.根據前面一句，有了蒸汽動力以後，水力資源就被put in doubt了。因此後面修飾水力資源利用前景的一定是一個負面的詞。因此選擇A，負面的。B是不相似的，C是令人吃驚的，D是不完整的。
7.因爲前文提到在1800年，水力資源利用衰敗，by then的前半句說a century later，因此應該是一百年以後，也就是1900年。
8.這段第一句就指出了電力發展，然後又說水利能源的重大改變促進了電力發展。因此符合C選項。
9.原文句子的邏輯關係是，electrotechnology和 changes in water growth 共同促進了electric power 工業。A邏輯關係完全反了。B混亂的。D與A邏輯相似。因此選擇C。
tered是一成不變的，這道題A是一個迷惑選項。但是unaltered並沒有進步，改良的那層意思。因此C更合適。
11.上一段說Benoit Fourneyron的發現通過發明turbine得以應用。通過turbine就可以實現發電了。
12.通過Godalming定位。往後閱讀之後出現了unfortunately的轉折，也就是要說遇到的問題了。"："後面就是答案了。所以選B。
13.要插入的句子說要resolve disagreement。而這段的第一句就說很多debate。那麼插到第一個空里正合適。
14.A正確，對應原文第二段第一句。B錯誤。原文說英國的居住點不管大小，都有自己的mill。對應原文第二段最後一句。C錯誤。原文說的是river的水流不穩定，結果很快被steam engine取代了。對應原文倒數第二段最後兩句。D錯誤，對應原文第一段，原文說沒人知道water mill是什麼時候發明的。而且後半句時間也不對。E正確，對應原文第四段。F對應原文第五段最後一句，和第六段。
