十大改變世界的互聯網第一(上)

The Internet has made the world a smaller place, with a far reaching influence that's altered the way we view cats and laugh at kids whacked out on drugs after a trip to the dentist. But apart from giving us easier ways to cackle at dumb things, it's also put more information at our fingertips than any invention in the history of mankind.

互聯網讓世界越來越小，它的影響深遠，改變了我們對喵星人的認識，也改變了我們拿小孩子逗樂的方式，比如網上那些關於看完牙醫後被藥物搞得筋疲力盡的孩子的視頻。但是，除了能讓我們更方便地對這些蠢事咯咯發笑以外，互聯網還讓我們輕而易舉地獲得了大量信息，這是人類歷史上任何其他發明都無可比擬的。

It's had a profound effect on the lives of people around the world in many different ways, yet everything we've come to take for granted online came from humble beginnings. Who knows, the next big thing may have already happened in a garage or a basement somewhere and we're just waiting for it to change the world.

互聯網在許多不同的方面深刻影響着世界各地人們的生活，然而現在我們在網上看到的覺得理所當然的東西其實都"出身微寒"。誰知道呢，也許下一個大發明已經在某個地方的車庫或地下室裏誕生了，我們只需靜待它來改變世界。

t Picture

10.第一幅圖片

The very first picture ever uploaded to the World Wide Web was a picture of the all-girl comedy group Les Horrible Cernettes. The group was made up of administrative assistants and partners of researchers at The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Silvano de Gennaro, the group's manager, took the picture backstage at a music festival that was hosted annually by CERN. He Photoshopped it and saved it as a .gif file.

第一幅上傳到萬維網的圖片是一張女子喜劇樂隊CERN女郎的照片。這個組合由來自歐洲核子研究組織的行政助理與研究人員組成。CERN每年會主辦一次音樂節，樂隊經理席爾瓦諾·詹納羅在一次音樂節的後臺拍下了這張照片，他將圖片處理後保存爲gif格式的文件。

How this particular picture, instead of something artistic or science-based, came to be the first ever picture uploaded to the Web stemmed from the fact that de Gennaro worked at CERN near Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web. When it came time to choose a picture to upload, Berners-Lee used the picture of the band because he wanted to show the heads at CERN that rather than just being a way for scientists to communicate, the Internet could also be fun. He uploaded the picture on July 18, 1992, forever immortalizing a badly photoshopped picture of a comedy band that sang jokes about science.

爲什麼偏偏是這張照片，而不是某張藝術或科學主題的照片率先上傳到網絡呢？因爲詹納羅是萬維網之父蒂姆·博納斯·李在CERN的同事。當博納斯-李要選擇圖片上傳時，就用了這張樂隊的照片，因爲他想向CERN的領導們證明，互聯網不僅僅是科學家交流的工具，它也可以很有趣。他於1992年7月18日上傳了這張照片，照片中的喜劇樂隊演繹過與科學有關的搞笑歌曲，而這張只經過粗糙PS的合影則成爲了永恆。

t Email

9.第一封電子郵件

Email got its start in the early 1960s, when researchers would leave messages in a mailbox for their colleagues, who could only access the notes on the same terminal. Computer-to-computer email got its start in 1968, when Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) was hired by the United States Defense Department to work on ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet. A BNN employee named Ray Tomlinson started working on an experimental file transfer protocol called CYPNET and noticed that it could be used in conjunction with SNDMSG, the program designed to leave electronic messages. In doing so, he discovered he could send a message from one computer to another.

電子郵件出現於20世紀60年代，研究人員會在郵箱裏給同事留言，但對方只能在同一個終端才能接收到這些信息。計算機對計算機的郵件最早出現在1968年，當時博爾特·貝拉尼克-紐曼公司受聘爲美國國防部研究阿帕網，即因特網的前身。一位名叫雷·湯姆林森的BNN員工着手試驗文件傳輸協議CYPNET，他發現該程序可以與用來發送電子信息的程序SNDMSG結合。這樣，他就可以從一臺電腦向另一臺電腦發送信息。

Tomlinson realized that in order to do this, he needed to have an identifier that basically equated to a mailing address. That's when he came up with one of the most innovative, yet simple ideas of the 20th century: he chose the "@" symbol to connect the user and network, simply because it made the most sense to him. It would include the user's name and the host where it should be sent. In July of 1971 Tomlinson sent the first email to the computer next to his, which read, "QWERTYIOP". After figuring out how to send messages from computer to computer, the idea flourished into the staple of everyday life that we know now.

湯姆林森意識到，要實現這一目的，需要一個標識符，基本上就等同於郵寄地址。就是在這個時候，他想出了20世紀最具創新性而又十分簡單的一個點子：他選擇 "@" 這個符號來連接用戶與網絡，原因僅僅是這個符號對他來說意義非凡。它既能包含收件方的用戶名，也顯示了發送到的主機名稱。1971年7月，湯姆林森向他身邊的電腦寄出了第一封電子郵件，內容爲"QWERTYIOP"。實現了機對機發送信息後，電子郵件逐漸發展成爲我們現在所熟悉的日常必需品。

t YouTube Video

8.第一個YouTube視頻

The world's third most popular website got its start in early 2005 when it was created by PayPal employees Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim. The popular story, which Karim now disputes, is that Hurley and Chen were at a dinner party and were struggling to show videos, and those difficulties planted the seed that grew into YouTube.

世界第三大熱門網站YouTube創立於2005年初，創始人是PayPal公司的員工查德·赫爾利，陳安之和賈偉德·卡里姆。他們的創業故事最廣爲人知的版本是這樣的，據說赫利爾在一次晚宴上想與賓客分享一段視頻，但歷盡千辛萬苦都沒有成功，成爲了日後YouTube誕生的導火索。但是這個故事被卡里姆所否認。

They first registered the domain on February 14, 2005, and worked on YouTube out of a garage for a few months. On April 23, 2005, at 8:27 p.m. they posted the first video called Me at the zoo. The 19-second video features Karim standing in front of elephants at the San Diego Zoo, talking about his interest in "really, really, really long trunks." Since its launch, YouTube has become the dominant video streaming site and is synonymous with online videos. Only Facebook and Google are more popular websites, with YouTube receiving three billion visitors every day.

他們在2005年的2月14日首次註冊了域名，然後窩在一個車庫裏爲YouTube的發展奮戰數月。同年4月23日下午8點27分，在YouTube上發佈了第一個視頻，名爲Meat the zoo。在這個19秒的視頻中，卡里姆站在聖地亞哥動物園的大象前面，興致勃勃地談論着它長的驚人的象鼻。自創立以來，YouTube已經成爲了視頻媒體網站和在線視頻的代名詞。它每天的訪問量可以達到三十億，僅次於Facebook和Google。

t Domain Name

7.第一個域名

Symbolics Inc. registered the first domain name, , on March 15, 1985. Symbolics Inc. grew out of MIT's Artificial Intelligence lab, and was the first company to make workstation computers. They were actually so far ahead of the game that "workstation computer" wasn't even a term at that point. The company went bankrupt in the late 1980s, but the owner of the domain kept paying the dues on the website until August of 2009, when it was sold to Investments for an undisclosed price. The website is now a museum of sorts, where you can visit and learn random facts about the Internet.

Symbolics Inc.公司在1985年3月15日註冊了第一個域名：。該公司是從麻省理工學院人工智能實驗室分拆出來的，也是首家制造工作站計算機的公司。他們在當時的業界遙遙領先，因爲那時"工作站計算機"甚至還不是一個專有名詞。公司在20世紀80年代末破產，但是這個域名的擁有者仍然堅持支付網站費用。直到2009年8月，該域名賣給投資公司，價格未予披露。這個網站現在類似於博物館，在那可以隨意瀏覽並瞭解有關互聯網的一切。

t Website

6.第一個網站

While Symbolics was the first domain registered, it wasn't the first website. After all, the internet and the World Wide Web are actually two different things. In the simplest terms, the Internet is what you connect to and the Web is how you view it.

雖然Symbolics是第一個註冊的域名，但並不是第一個網站。畢竟因特網和萬維網實際上並非一回事。簡單來說，因特網是你連接到的地方，而網站決定你怎樣瀏覽它。

You may remember CERN from the Les Horrible Cernettes photo or maybe the Large Hadron Collider, but they also launched very first website on August 6, 1991. It was a simple page, similar to a Word document with black lettering on a white background with blue hyperlinks. It briefly described project W3, better known now as the World Wide Web. On April 30, 2013 – the 20th anniversary of the announcement of the World Wide Web – CERN announced they would re-launch the website. They found a copy that dated back to 1992, with the hopes of digging even deeper into the archives for the earliest possible version.

你或許還因爲 Les Horrible Cernettes的照片或者是大型強子對撞機而對歐洲核子研究中心有些印象，但也是他們在1991年8月6日發創辦了第一個網站。這只是一個簡單的網頁，和白底黑字、有着藍色超鏈接的word文檔相似。簡稱W3項目，就是我們現在所熟知的萬維網。2013年4月30日，第20屆萬維網公告紀念大會上，歐洲核子研究中心宣佈他們要重新啓動網站。他們找到了一個1992年的備份，希望對此檔案做深入研究以挖掘到最早的版本。

審校：Fiona、鄭璐 編輯：Lion 來源；前十網