10位改變世界的諾貝爾獎得主(上)
Our Earth teems with billions of human beings, all working, thinking, playing and plotting their way through the maze-like distractions of daily living.
世人無數，在紛雜日常中，生活方式不盡相同：或工作、或思考、或遊戲或計劃。Amid the chaos, some of us remain focused and disciplined enough to forge entirely new ways of approaching life, the universe and the meaning of it all. And some of those people win Nobel Prizes.
芟繁就簡，總有人高度專注自律創造生活新方式，實現生命價值。而這些人中，不乏諾貝爾獎得主。Established in 1895 by the will of Swedish inventor and philanthropist Alfred Nobel, the prizes recognize advances in scientific and cultural fields -- literature, peace, economics, chemistry, physics and medicine.
1895年，瑞典發明家慈善家阿爾弗雷德·諾貝爾發起創立了諾貝爾獎。此獎授予在科學和文化領域對人類作出重大貢獻的人，這些領域包括文學，世界和平，經濟，化學，物理和醫藥等。
The recipients, called laureates, receive a diploma, a gold medal and a cash prize that, these days, generally exceeds $1 million.
諾貝爾獎包括金質獎章、證書和獎金，最近獎金數額均超100萬美元。All prizes must go to individuals, with the exception of the Peace Prize, which can be awarded to an organization.
除諾貝爾和平獎可頒發給機構外，其他諾貝爾獎必須頒發給個人。Sometimes, the prizes are awarded to multiple people, but rules stipulate that each prize can be shared by no more than three.
有時，獎金可獎勵給多人，但按規定不應超過三人。First awarded in 1901, the Nobel prizes have since been given out 573 times to 900 people and organizations. Some people have received the awards more than once.
諾貝爾獎首次於1901年頒發，迄今已頒發573次，共計900人次或機構獲獎，且有人多次獲獎。Typically, each prize is awarded every year, but in years where there are no exceptional accomplishments befitting a Nobel, a prize may sit idle.
諾貝爾獎通常每年頒發一次，但若有些領域成就“未達諾貝爾標準”，獎項會空置。The prizes are, shall we say, a big deal. But more important is the work that they recognize.
諾貝爾獎可謂舉足輕重。諾貝爾獎所認定的“作品”意義更大。Laureates are the thinking person's thinkers, people who dedicate their lives to unveiling the secrets of our existence. In doing so, they help propel humankind's collective intelligence higher.
諾貝爾獎得主往往是善於思考的人，爲我們的生活揭祕，推動全人類向更高層次發展。In this article, we'll introduce you to 10 of these game-changing individuals.
本文將介紹10位改變世界的諾貝爾獎得主。San Suu Kyi
10.昂山素季Let's review some of the circumstances of our first laureate. Oppressive, violent regime? Check. Indefinite political imprisonment? Check.
先來看下第一位諾獎得主的生活經歷。強制政府時期，遭調查；被剝奪政治權利終身後仍遭調查。That's just a day in the life of Aung San Suu Kyi, perhaps one of the most persistent political dissidents ever and the winner of the 1991 Peace Prize.
這就是昂山素季的日常生活。她可能是最執着的持異論者，她也是1991年的諾貝爾和平獎得主。She wasn't allowed to leave Burma (also known as Myanmar) to receive her prize, however, until 2012, or two decades after winning.
直到2002年，即獲獎20多年後，她才獲得自由，得以離開緬甸接受諾獎。In the meantime, she'd been detained by Burma's militaristic regime, which saw her work for democracy and human rights as a threat to the established power structure.
緬甸軍政府認爲她的作品代表着民主和人權，威脅着現有政權結構。
Aung San Suu Kyi actually won the country's general election in 1990.
昂山素季早在1990年就贏得國家普選。But even before all of the votes were counted, she was placed under house arrest and would remain so intermittently until 2010.
但就在唱票揭曉前，她被軟禁在寓所，軟禁斷斷續續持續到2010年。To ward off loneliness and despair, she meditated, she planned and she persisted.
爲避免寂寞和絕望，她開始冥想，盤算着，堅持着。Upon her final release from house arrest, she jumped immediately into politics again.
她最終獲釋後，即刻又投身政治懷抱。The party she heads, National League for Democracy, won by a landslide in a 2015 election, although she is barred from becoming president because of her sons' foreign citizenship.
雖然她因兒子的外籍身份未能當上總統，但她領導的全國民主聯盟在2015年競選中大獲全勝。ann Muller
9.赫爾曼·馬勒For every technological advance, there are trade-offs and potential side effects.
任何科技進步都會帶來商機，產生負面影響。Thanks to the work of Hermann Muller, who won the 1946 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, people realized the importance of tempering our knowledge with safety and care.
赫爾曼·馬勒是1946年諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎得主，他的工作讓人們意識到，安全謹慎運用所學知識的重要性。Muller won his prize for proving that X-rays cause mutations (called X-ray mutagenesis) in the human body.
赫爾曼證明X射線能引發人體內突變，獲得諾貝爾獎。
In the mid-1920s, he'd gathered significant evidence that exposing Drosophila flies to X-rays caused genetic mutations that shortened their lifespans. He was certain that the same kind of damage would occur in humans.
20世紀20年代中期，他發現暴露在X射線下的果蠅基因發生突變，壽命變短。他堅信，X射線對人體也會造成同樣損害。Although he'd been trying to publicize his work for around 20 years, it took the World-War II atomic bombings of Japan to underscore the dangers of radiation, X-rays and nuclear fallout. It was then that the Nobel committee finally recognized his research.
儘管他花了20多年時間試圖發表自己的發現，但直到二戰時，投到日本的原子彈才彰顯我怎麼覺得彰顯是褒義詞了輻射、X射線和核爆炸所帶來的害處，諾貝爾評審才認可了他的研究。Muller's discoveries, as well as his anti-nuclear weapons politics, made him an invaluable counterweight to the world-changing technological advances of the Atomic Age.
在原子彈時代，馬勒的發現及反核武器主張，讓他在科技進步領域成爲改變世界的領軍人物。k, Watson and Wilkins
8.克里克，沃爾森和威爾金斯These days, we almost take for granted the facts of DNA and its fundamental role as a building block of life as we know it.
現在，大部分人都理所當然地認爲，DNA是構成人體的基本組成。But DNA was a mystery until Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins began unraveling these minute, double-helix structures.
但在佛朗西斯·克里克、詹姆士·沃森和莫里斯·威爾金森解析這些微小雙螺旋結構前，DNA一直是個謎。For their work, the three won the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
也正因此，他們三人於1962年獲得諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎。
In discovering the molecular structure of nucleic acids, as well as conveying its importance in relaying information throughout a living organism, the three helped blaze a trail for all sorts of new genetic advances.
他們發現核酸結構，並將它們置入其他生物體，證明其重要性，他們三人爲遺傳進展開啓了一扇新大門。This prize did come with a notable asterisk. Before Crick and company made their discoveries, biophysicist Rosalind Franklin found a way to photograph DNA. Crick's group used those images as a turning point for their research.
這項獎的確引人矚目。克里克和同伴取得這一發現前，生物物理學家羅莎林·富蘭克林發現一種拍攝DNA的方法。這些圖片是克里克和同伴研究的轉折點。However, her insights were overshadowed somewhat by her male counterparts', and she died before she could address the matter with the Nobel committee, which has strict rules against honoring people posthumously.
然而，她的男性夥伴讓她的觀點稍顯遜色，在她和諾貝爾評獎委員會溝通這件事前，便去世了，而諾貝爾獎有嚴格規定，諾貝爾獎不得頒發給逝世的人。
