歐洲一體化走得太遠了 Imperial ambitions have pushed Europe to its limits
閱讀提示：中文在上，對照英文在下。
幾年前，我聽一位歐洲政客在飯後發表了一次演講，他不僅在本國的政治生活中發揮着領導作用，還在歐盟(EU)的委員會中擔任要職。當晚，這位政客對歐洲的價值觀（文化、團結）及其制度的質量大加讚賞，得到了聽衆的普遍認同。他接着強調了歐盟更廣泛推廣這些價值觀以及制度的必要性。
A few years ago, I heard an after-dinner speech from a European statesman, a person who has played a leading role not only in the political life of his own country but in the councils of the EU. The speaker that evening lauded, to general agreement, Europe’s values — its culture, its solidarity — and the quality of its institutions. He went on to stress the need for the union to propagate these values and institutions more widely.
一些與我坐在同桌的人和我一樣尷尬不已。讓我難受的是，類似的話我也可以塞到世界歷史上一些最不受歡迎的人物嘴裏。這位政客描述的歐盟是一個帝國主義計劃。炫耀大英帝國的人們曾經唱道：“你的疆土會越來越廣，讓你變得強大的上帝會讓你變得更強大。”英國人或許還會唱“希望與榮耀之國”(Land of Hope and Glory)，但他們對於歌詞已不再當真。然而，歐盟擴張的遠景也是如此。
The discomfiture I felt was shared by some of those sitting with me at the table. My problem was that I could have put similar words into the mouths of some of the most unpleasant figures in world history. The EU that the speaker described was an imperialist project. Those who proclaimed the British empire used to sing: “Wider still, and wider, may thy bounds be set. God who made thee mighty, make thee mightier yet.” Britons may still sing “Land of Hope and Glory” but they no longer take the words seriously. Yet the expansion of the EU embraced a similar vision.
對於現代歐洲的締造者來說，更廣泛的同盟與更緊密的同盟同樣重要。歐盟在希臘結束軍事統治後倉促接受其加入歐盟，希望該國維持其脆弱的民主制度；西班牙和葡萄牙也很快被准許加入。所有後共產主義國家，只要有誠實程度說得過去的民主制度（有的連這個也沒有），都獲得了入盟許可。創建法國和德國貨幣聯盟的雄心勃勃的計劃擴大了範圍，降低了加入標準，把大多數歐盟成員國包括在內。加入歐盟的主要條件變成了願意。
For the builders of modern Europe, wider union has been as important as closer union. Greece was hastily admitted in the hope of sustaining its fragile democracy after the end of military rule; Spain and Portugal followed soon after. Every post-communist state with passably honest and democratic institutions, and some without, has secured admission. The ambitious project of creating monetary union between France and Germany was extended, by lowering admission standards, to include most EU members. The principal qualification for membership of a European club has been the desire to join.
當然，21世紀的歐洲與19世紀和20世紀的帝國有着巨大差異：特別是，傳統的帝國主義者不尋求被殖民者的同意，同時它們壓制多數民主表達形式。然而，如今希臘可能不會認爲兩者之間的差異特別大。
Of course, there are big differences between the Europe of the 21st century and the empires of the 19th and 20th: notably, traditional imperialists did not seek the consent of those they colonised and they suppressed most forms of democratic expression. Yet Greeks today might not perceive these differences as being particularly large.
因此，問題是，與歷史上很多帝國主義計劃一樣，歐洲一體化的地域界限是否超越了它能夠合理維持的限度。歐盟如今面臨的兩個關係存亡的問題突顯出這點：與俄羅斯的地緣政治衝突，以及外圍經濟體與歐元區之間的緊張關係。
So the question is whether, like so many imperialist projects throughout history, the European project has stretched its territorial boundaries beyond the limits it can plausibly sustain. That question is highlighted by the two existential problems the EU faces today: the geopolitical confrontation with Russia, and the troubled relationship between peripheral economies and the eurozone.
除了1941-42年納粹佔領歐洲大部分領土的時候（人們最好忘記這個先例），西歐邊界向東推進已達到歷史最遠。烏克蘭危機考驗的是，如此大規模的政治、經濟和最終的軍事支持的隱含承諾，在被要求兌現時能在多大程度上得到保持。波羅的海國家有合理理由對新盟友承諾的可靠性感到擔憂。
The boundaries of western Europe have been pushed as far east as at any time in history, save for the best forgotten precedent of the Nazi occupation of most of the continent in 1941-42. The Ukraine crisis tests how far implied promises of political, economic and ultimately military support in that extension will be maintained when called on. The Baltic states have reasonable cause to feel nervous about the solidity of the commitment of their new allies.
現在幾乎無人可以質疑這點：一開始讓希臘加入歐元區是一個錯誤。這不僅僅是一個經濟問題：捏造數據、揮霍過度以及無法償還債務。希臘的核心問題是該國的政治制度不夠成熟，無法實施有力的國家治理或經濟管理，也無法以負責任的方式與西歐機構合作。希臘並非歐盟唯一一個可以適用這種批評的成員國。
Few people can now doubt that it was a mistake to let Greece join the euro in the first place. And this is not just a matter of economics — the fudged data, profligate spending and unpayable debts. The central Greek problem is that the country’s political institutions are not sufficiently mature to effect competent administration or economic management, or to engage in a responsible manner with the institutions of western Europe. And Greece is not the only member state of the EU to which that critique could be applied.
歷史上的帝國通常都是因爲過度擴張而滅亡，過度擴張會導致外圍國家人口難以駕馭，接着導致擴張計劃的合理性在本國內遭到質疑。如今，歐洲也可見這些徵兆。歐盟一直以來取得成功的途徑是，總比歐盟機構能夠遊刃有餘地支持、或人民準備好接受的水平更多一點和更快一點地推動一體化。或許這項雄心勃勃的戰略現在已經走得太遠了。
The empires of history have generally collapsed from overstretch, which led to restive populations on the peripheries, and then to doubts about the wisdom of the project in the home country itself. These symptoms are recognisable in Europe today. The EU has achieved its successes by always pushing integration a little further and faster than its institutions would easily support or its populations readily accept. Perhaps that ambitious strategy has now been taken a step too far.
