中國政府採購將蘋果,思科和英特爾拒之門外

China has dropped some of the world’s leading technology brands from its approved state purchase lists, while approving thousands more locally made products, in what some say is a response to revelations of widespread Western cybersurveillance.

中國的政府採購名單剔除了一些全球領先技術品牌，同時，數千種國產產品被納入其中。有人認爲，這是中國在西方的全面網絡監控遭到披露後所採取的應對措施。

Others put the shift down to a protectionist impulse to shield China’s domestic technology industry from competition.

也有人將此斥爲保護主義，稱其目的是防止國內科技行業受到競爭的衝擊。

Chief casualty is U.S. network equipment maker Cisco Systems Inc CSCO -0.47% , which in 2012 counted 60 products on the Central Government Procurement Center’s (CGPC) list, but by late 2014 had none, a Reuters analysis of official data shows.

損失最大的是美國網絡設備製造商思科系統公司。路透社對官方數據的分析顯示，2012年思科公司有60種產品進入了《中央政府採購名錄》（以下簡稱《名錄》），到2014年底，這個數字變成了零。

Smartphone and PC maker Apple Inc INTC -1.35% security software firm McAfee and network and server software firm Citrix Systems .

智能手機和電腦製造商蘋果公司、殺毒軟件製造商邁克菲公司和網絡及服務器軟件公司思傑系統也受到了影響。

The number of products on the list, which covers regular spending by central ministries, jumped by more than 2,000 in two years to just under 5,000, but the increase is almost entirely due to local makers.

《名錄》覆蓋了中央政府部門的常規支出。它所包含的產品數量在兩年內增加了2000多種，總數幾乎達到5000種，但新增的差不多都是國產商品。

The number of approved foreign tech brands fell by a third, while less than half of those with security-related products survived the cull.

《名錄》中的外國科技品牌總體減少了三分之一，而產品與信息安全有關的外國公司只剩下了一小半。

An official at the procurement agency said there were many reasons why local makers might be preferred, including sheer weight of numbers and the fact that domestic security technology firms offered more product guarantees than overseas rivals.

中央國家機關政府採購中心的一位官員表示，國內企業可能更受青睞的原因有很多，比如它們數量衆多，而且國內信息安全技術公司在質保方面也超過了海外競爭對手。

China’s change of tack coincided with leaks by former U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) contractor Edward Snowden in mid-2013 that exposed several global surveillance program, many of them run by the NSA with the cooperation of telecom companies and European governments.

2013年年中，美國國家安全局前承包商愛德華o斯諾登曝光了美國政府的一些全球監控項目，其中多個項目都由國安局負責，並得到了電信公司和歐洲各國政府的協助。中國政府的採購行爲也恰好在這個時候發生了變化。

“The Snowden incident, it’s become a real concern, especially for top leaders,” said Tu Xinquan, Associate Director of the China Institute of WTO Studies at the University of International Business and Economics in Beijing. “In some sense the American government has some responsibility for that; (China’s) concerns have some legitimacy.”

對外經濟貿易大學中國世界貿易組織研究院執行院長屠新泉表示：“斯諾登事件確實讓人擔心，特別是對首腦人物來說。從某種意義上講，美國政府對此負有一定責任；（中國的）顧慮則有一定的道理。”

Cybersecurity has been a significant irritant in U.S.-China ties, with both sides accusing the other of abuses.

網絡安全一直是中美關係的一大隱患，兩國都指責對方有不當行爲。

U.S. tech groups wrote last month to the Chinese administration complaining about some of its new cybersecurity regulations, some of which force technology vendors to Chinese banks to hand over secret source code and adopt Chinese encryption algorithms.

上個月，美國科技行業團體致函中國政府部門，對後者的一些網絡安全新規表達了不滿。受部分新規定影響，爲一些中國銀行提供技術服務的美國公司不得不提供屬於公司機密的源代碼並使用中國的加密算法。

The CGPC list, which details products by brand and type, is approved by China’s Ministry of Finance, the CGPC official said. The list does not detail what quantity of a product has been purchased, and does not bind local government or state-owned enterprises, nor the military, which runs its own system of procurement approval.

《名錄》詳細列出了各類產品的品牌和型號。上文中提到的中央國家機關政府採購中心官員稱，這份目錄由財政部負責審批。《名錄》不提供已採購產品的詳細數量，對地方政府、國企以及採購審批自成一體的軍隊沒有約束力。

The Ministry of Finance declined immediate comment.

財政部方面拒絕立即就此發表評論。

“We have previously acknowledged that geopolitical concerns have impacted our business in certain emerging markets,” said a Cisco spokesman.

思科發言人稱：“我們之前已經承認，地緣政治方面的顧慮已經對我們在某些新興市場的業務產生了影響。”

An Intel spokesman said the company had frequent conversations at various levels of the U.S. and Chinese governments, but did not provide further details.

英特爾發言人指出，該公司頻繁和中美各級政府進行對話，但未進一步說明詳情。

Apple declined to comment, and Citrix was not immediately available to comment.

蘋果公司拒絕發表評論。筆者尚未與思傑系統取得聯繫。

Industry insiders also see in the changing profile of the CGPC list a wider strategic goal to help Chinese tech firms get a bigger slice of China’s information and communications technology market, which is tipped to grow 11.4 percent to $465.6 billion in 2015, according to tech research firm IDC.

業內人士還認爲，《名錄》內容的變化還體現了一個更大的戰略目標，那就是幫助中國科技企業在國內IT市場獲得更多份額。科技行業研究機構IDC預計，2015年，這個市場的規模將增長11.4%，達到4656億美元。

“There’s no doubt that the SOE segment of the market has been favoring the local indigenous content,” said an executive at a Western technology firm who declined to be identified.

一位拒絕提及其姓名的西方科技公司高管稱：“毫無疑問，這個市場中的國企用戶一直都很青睞本土產品。”

The executive said the post-Snowden security concerns were a pretext. The real objective was to nurture China’s domestic tech industry and subsequently support its expansion overseas.

該高管指出，斯諾登事件帶來的安全顧慮只是一個藉口。中國政府的真正目的在於培育國內科技行業，以及隨後支持該行業進行海外擴張。

China also wants to move to a more consumption-based economy, which would be helped by Chinese authorities and companies buying local technology, the executive said.

該高管還認爲，中國希望向消費型經濟靠攏，而政府和企業購買本土技術對此應有所幫助。

Policy measures supporting the broader strategy include making foreign companies form domestic partnerships, participate in technology transfers and hand over intellectual property in the name of information security.

爲這個大戰略服務的政策措施包括要求外國公司和國內企業結爲合作伙伴，參與技術轉讓，並以信息安全爲由轉讓知識產權。

Wang Zhihai, president and CEO of Beijing Wondersoft, which provides information security products to government, state banks and private companies, said the market in China was fair, especially compared with the U.S., where China’s Huawei Technologies, the world’s largest networking and telecoms equipment maker, was unable to do business due to U.S. security concerns.

北京明朝萬達科技有限公司爲政府、國有銀行和私營企業提供信息安全產品。該公司總裁王志海指出，中國的市場很公平，特別是和美國市場相比。作爲全球最大的網絡和通信設備製造商，華爲無法在美國開展業務，原因是美國政府擔心安全問題。

Local companies were also bound by the same cybersecurity laws that U.S. companies were objecting to, he added.

他還說，中國國內企業也受到網絡安全法規的約束，與美國公司別無二致。

The danger for China, say experts, is that it could leave itself dependent on domestic technology, which remains inferior to foreign market leaders and more vulnerable to cyber attack.

專家認爲，危險在於這樣做可能讓中國依賴於國內技術，而後者和國外市場龍頭的技術相比仍有差距，而且更容易受到網絡攻擊。

Some of those benefiting from policies encouraging domestic procurement accept that Chinese companies trail foreign competitors in the security sphere.

國內採購鼓勵政策的部分受益者也認爲，在安全領域，中國公司落後於外國競爭對手。

“In China, information security compared to international levels is still very far behind; the entire understanding of it is behind,” said Wondersoft’s Wang.

王志海說：“中國的信息安全程度仍遠低於國際水平；對信息安全的理解也全面落後。”

But Wang, like China, is taking the long view.

但和中國政府一樣，王志海目光長遠。

“In 10 or more years, that’s when we should be there.”

“10年或更長時間以後，我們就應該能夠趕上國際水平了。”