埃塞俄比亞航空劫機事件曝安全漏洞

The hijacking Monday of an EthioPian Airlines jetliner by a co-pilot seeking asylum illustrates a security wild card still facing global aviation despite years of efforts to combat terrorism: the inside threat.

埃塞俄比亞航空(Ethiopian Airlines)一架客機週一被企圖尋求庇護的副駕駛劫持，此事表明，儘管反恐努力持續多年，全球航空業仍然面臨着一個安全不確定因素，那就是內部威脅。

Following the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, authorities world-wide have added layers of screening to stop passengers, crew or staff from carrying weapons or dangerous materials onto airplanes.

2001年9月11日美國恐怖襲擊事件之後，全球各國當局都加強了篩查，以防止乘客、機組人員或工作人員攜帶武器或其他危險物品登機。

But people linked to airlines and airports around the world have still been implicated over recent years in plotting terrorist attacks, smuggling drugs and brazen theft. Security specialists say the cases show that aviation insiders still have ample opportunities to sabotage flights.

但近年來，各國航空公司和機場相關人員參與策劃恐怖襲擊、走私毒品及盜竊的事件仍時有發生。安全專家說，這些案件表明航空業內部人士仍有充分的機會對航班實施破壞。

'We spend so much time in aviation safety on checking passengers for prohibitive items at checkpoints that we forget all other screening issues,' said Philip Baum, managing director of Green Light Ltd., an aviation-security consulting firm in London.

位於倫敦的航空安全諮詢公司Green Light Ltd.的董事總經理鮑姆(Philip Baum)說，在航空安全方面，我們花了大量的時間在安檢點檢查乘客有沒有攜帶違禁物品，但卻忽略了所有其他的篩查問題。

'Ultimately it is what is going on in someone's head that matters, and even more so when they are in control of a plane,' Mr. Baum said.

鮑姆說，說到底，一個人頭腦裏想什麼纔是最重要的，特別是他們控制着一架飛機的時候。

In Monday's hijacking, the co-pilot was seeking asylum, according to Swiss authorities, and not to harm people. The Boeing 767, carrying 202 people, landed safely at Geneva airport after the co-pilot commandeeRed Ethiopian Flight 702, en route from Addis Ababa to Rome, when the captain went to use the toilet. None of the passengers or crew were harmed.

根據瑞士當局的說法，在週一發生的劫機事件中，副駕駛意在尋求庇護，不是要傷人。埃航702航班是從亞的斯亞貝巴飛往羅馬的，在機長去衛生間的時候，副駕駛劫持了這架載有202人的波音(Boeing) 767客機，並安全降落在日內瓦機場。乘客及機組人員全部無恙。

The Ethiopian government identified the co-pilot as 31-year-old Haile-Medhin Abera Tegegn. He has worked as a pilot for Ethiopian Airlines for five years, said Information Minister Redwan Hussein.

埃塞俄比亞政府確認，這名副駕駛是現年31歲的特格涅(Haile-Medhin Abera Tegegn)。該國新聞部部長侯賽因(Redwan Hussein)說，此人已經在埃塞俄比亞航空當了五年的飛行員。

The incident was unusual but not unprecedented. Nine passenger planes have been hijacked by pilots seeking asylum, according to the Aviation Safety Network, a website that tracks air incidents. Many were Cuban flights diverted to the U.S.

這一不同尋常的事件並非沒有先例。根據追蹤航空事件的網站航空安全網絡(Aviation Safety Network)的數據，曾有九架民航飛機被尋求庇護的飛行員劫持。很多都是被劫持到美國的古巴航班。

In three other cases since the late 1990s, however, pilots are suspected of having deliberately crashed perfectly functioning passenger jets without any warning to air-traffic controllers.

不過，上世紀90年代末以來，在另外三起事件中，飛行員被懷疑在未向空管機構發出警告的情形下蓄意導致機能良好的客機墜毀。

Pilots are generally screened before hiring and repeatedly assessed while on the job. The frequency and thoroughness varies by airline and country. The Ethiopian information minister said in an interview that in the wake of the hijacking, the country had no immediate plans to re-examine its vetting of pilots or other airline regulations.

飛行員在受僱前通常要經過審查，在崗期間也要不斷接受評估。根據各航空公司和各國的規定，調查進行的頻率和深度會有所不同。劫機事件發生後，埃塞俄比亞新聞部長侯賽因接受採訪時說，該國暫時不打算對所有飛行員進行篩查或重新評估其他航空管理規定。

'These kind of issues aren't very common,' Mr. Hussein said. 'It happens once in a blue moon.'

他說，這種事情並不常有，極爲罕見。

Investigators have publicly indicated that the captain of a LAM Mozambique Airlines regional jet that went down in Namibia in November, killing all 33 aboard, put the plane into a dangerously steep dive seemingly on purpose and continued adjusting the controls with the intention of causing a crash.

去年11月莫桑比克航空公司(LAM Mozambique Airlines)一架支線客機在納米比亞失事墜毀，機上33人全部遇難。調查人員曾公開表示，空難發生前，機長似乎故意讓飛機危險地向下俯衝，並不斷進行操控蓄意讓飛機墜毀。

Data retrieved from cockpit and flight-data recorders, according to investigators, indicate the Embraer 190 regional jet dove toward the ground at roughly 6,000 feet a minute. The captain didn't issue a mayday call, they said, and disregarded multiple instrument warnings of an impending crash,

調查人員稱，從駕駛艙和飛行數據記錄器中獲取的數據顯示，這架巴西航空工業公司(Embraer)生產的E-190支線客機以每秒6,000英尺（約合1828.8米）左右的速度向地面俯衝，機長沒有發出求救信號，並且無視客機多次發出的即將墜毀的自動警報。

In December 1997, a Singaporese Silkair Boeing 737 flight from Jakarta to Singapore with 104 people onboard crashed in Indonesia. Indonesian investigators never determined the cause of the crash. But experts at the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board, which ran simulations and otherwise participated in the investigation, concluded the most likely scenario was that the captain committed suicide after facing financial and professional problems.

1997年12月，新加坡勝安航空公司(Silkair)一架從雅加達飛往新加坡的波音737客機在印尼墜毀，機上104人全部遇難。印尼的調查人員一直沒有確定飛機墜毀的原因。但美國國家運輸安全委員會(U.S. National Transportation Safety Board, 簡稱NTSB)的專家在參與調查及進行模擬試驗後得出結論，最有可能的事故原因就是面臨財務及職業困境的機長自殺造成飛機墜毀。

Almost two years later, EgyptAir Flight 990, with 217 people onboard, crashed off Nantucket, Mass., shortly after taking off from New York for Cairo. The NTSB concluded that the only sequence of events that fit the evidence was that one of the pilots put both engines into idle and his 'flight control inputs' put the plane in a nosedive. The NTSB said the reason for his 'actions was not determined.' Egyptian authorities challenged the U.S. analysis.

差不多兩年後，一架從紐約飛往開羅的埃及航空公司(EgyptAir) 990航班起飛後不久即在麻薩諸塞州南塔克特島附近墜毀，機上217人全部罹難。NTSB在調查後得出結論，其中一名飛行員關掉了飛機的兩個引擎，並通過飛行控制操作讓飛機急降。NTSB稱，無法確定這位飛行員爲什麼要這樣做。埃及方面則不滿美方的分析結果。

In all three crashes, only a single pilot was in the cockpit when the plane started plummeting toward the ground.

在這三起空難事故中，當飛機開始向地面墜落時，駕駛艙內都只有一名飛行員。

When one pilot leaves the cockpit for a bathroom break or some other reason, many carriers require a flight attendant to enter and stay there until the cockpit door is opened again. There have been cases of the remaining pilot becoming confused about how to reopen the door.

當一名飛行員去洗手間或者出於其他原因離開駕駛艙時，許多航空公司要求有一位空乘人員進入駕駛艙並一直留在那裏，直至那名飛行員返回，因爲曾經發生過駕駛艙內的另一名飛行員不知道如何打開駕駛艙門的情況。

Such issues have been highlighted since cockpit security was enhanced world-wide in the wake of the September 2001 airborne terrorist attacks against New York and Washington.

2001年9月發生恐怖分子劫機襲擊紐約和華盛頓的事件後，全球加強了對駕駛艙安全的控制，這類細小的問題也開始得到重視。

While pilots crashing commercial airlines are exceedingly rare, many other aviation employees on the ground can also pose threats to flights. Background checks and security assessments of aviation employees who work on the ground, particularly those not in direct contact with airplanes, are often less thorough than for pilots, say air-security specialists.

雖然飛行員駕駛商業飛機墜毀的情況極其罕見，但很多地勤人員也可能對航班產生威脅。航空安全專家說，對於地勤人員，尤其是那些與班機沒有直接聯繫的人員的背景調查和安全評估有時沒有向對飛行員的那樣深入。

A report by the Combating Terrorism Center at the U.S. Military Academy from 2011 cited the 'insider threat' as a continuing danger to aviation. The report cited insider plots in New York, Jakarta and Britain as examples of the risk.

美國陸軍學院(U.S. Military Academy)反恐中心2011年的一份報告認爲，“內部威脅”是航空系統的一個持續危險。報告認爲，紐約、雅加達和英國出現的內部策劃陰謀就是存在風險的例證。

In the British case, a U.K. jury in February 2011 found former British Airways software engineer Rajib Karim guilty of plotting terrorist acts and using his job to prepare them. Prosecutors had charged Mr. Karim, now 35 years old, with what they called a 'chilling plot' to use his job to blow up a passenger plane. They said that in encrypted computer messages, he offered to get a cabin crew job and help get a 'package' on board a U.S.-bound plane.

拿英國的例子來說。2011年2月英國一個陪審團裁定，英國航空公司(British Airways)前軟件工程師卡里姆(Rajib Karim)利用職務之便策劃恐怖活動。卡里姆今年35歲，檢方當時對他起訴的罪名是策劃了一場令人恐懼的陰謀，企圖利用工作之便炸掉一架客機。檢方說，卡里姆通過加密的計算機消息提出，要獲得一份乘務組工作，並幫忙將一個“包裹”送上一架飛往美國的航班。

And one year ago, masked robbers disguised as police and carrying automatic weapons stole more than $50 million in diamonds from the belly of a plane about to leave Brussels Airport. The timing and precision of their audacious raid indicated they almost certainly had help from people who knew details of airport operations, people familiar with the investigation have said.

此外，一年前，幾個蒙面歹徒僞裝成警察，帶着自動武器在一架準備從布魯塞爾機場(Brussels Airport)起飛的航班的腹艙盜取了超過5,000萬美元的 石。瞭解相關調查的人士說，這場大膽的搶劫無論從時機把握還是行動的準確性上來講都顯示出，歹徒們幾乎肯定是得到了熟知機場運營細節的人的幫助。

Dozens of people were arrested in May in relation to the case, but Belgian prosecutors haven't released details of their investigation.

去年5月，10多人因涉及此案被捕，但比利時檢方尚未公佈調查細節。

In September, French authorities at Charles de Gaulle Airport outside Paris said they uncovered a shipment of 3,050 pounds of cocaine, with a street value around $270 million, on a flight from Caracas. French and Venezuelan authorities arrested more than nine people, including three members of the Venezuelan National Guard, for their involvement.

法國巴黎戴高樂機場(Charles de Gaulle Airport)有關部門去年9月表示，在一個從加拉加斯起飛的航班上發現了一批重3,050磅（約合1,383公斤）的海洛因，黑市價格約爲2.7億美元。法國和委內瑞拉有關部門逮捕了逾九名嫌犯，其中有三人是委內瑞拉國民警衛隊(Venezuelan National Guard)成員。

The authorities said the shipment, hidden in 31 suitcases with false identification tags, was taken off the plane separately from real passengers' bags and to a warehouse. The special handling indicates the smugglers included insiders in both Caracas and Paris.

有關部門說，這批海洛因藏在31個貼有假身份標籤的行李箱中，下飛機時有人將它們從真正的乘客箱包中擡出並送到一個倉庫。這種特殊“待遇”表明，走私者中既有加拉加斯的“內鬼”，也有巴黎的“內鬼”。

The U.S. Military Academy report on threats to aviation noted that insider threats 'become markedly worse at non-Western airports in regions such as West Africa or South Asia, where local authorities' ability to effectively screen prospective airport employees is frequently negligible due to incomplete or poorly structured terrorist and criminal intelligence databases.'

美國陸軍學院的報告指出，內部威脅在西非或南亞等地區的非西方機場已經變得更加糟糕。由於當地有關部門的恐怖分子和犯罪情報數據庫要麼不完整，要麼結構不合理，所以基本不太具備有效檢查潛在機場工作人員的能力。