修憲或阻斷土耳其入歐之路

The EU should explore new arrangements with Turkey as its stalled bid to join the bloc is thrown further into question after a referendum vote gave President Recep Tayyip Erdogan sweeping new powers, Brussels’ enlargement chief said yesterday.

歐盟擴大事務專員約翰內斯?哈恩（Johannes Hahn，上圖）昨日表示，歐盟應該探索與土耳其建立新的安排。在修憲公投賦予土耳其總統雷傑普?塔伊普?埃爾多安(Recep Tayyip Erdogan)廣泛的新權力後，久拖不決的土耳其入歐努力變得更懸了。

Johannes Hahn, the Austrian commissioner in Brussels, said he was seeking a mandate from member states to find a different approach. His move is the first step in a process that could clear the way for a formal suspension of Turkey’s accession talks and their replacement with a new customs deal.

這位奧地利籍專員表示，他正尋求獲得各成員國的授權，以找到一種不同的處理方法。他此番舉動將開啓一個進程，可能爲正式中止土耳其入歐談判、代之以簽署新關稅協議掃清道路。

It comes days after Turkish voters narrowly approved a constitutional overhaul to strengthen Mr Erdogan’s grip, a development seen in Brussels as the point of no return for the country’s discredited membership talks.

幾天前，土耳其選民以微弱多數通過了一項將強化埃爾多安掌權的憲法改革。在布魯塞爾眼中，這樣的發展意味着土耳其不被看好的入歐談判從此再無重啓之日。

Mr Hahn said there was no time to lose as Brussels embarked on a “fundamental” assessment of its fraught relationship with Turkey amid concern that the new constitution gave Mr Erdogan authoritarian powers and anxiety that he was exploiting last year’s failed coup to clamp down on political opponents.

哈恩稱，眼下已經沒有時間可以浪費了，由於擔心新憲法賦予埃爾多安獨裁權力，加上對他利用去年失敗的政變打壓政治對手感到不安，布魯塞爾已經着手對歐盟與土耳其之間不太平的關係進行“根本性”評估。

“The current situation is not sustainable, neither for them nor for us,” Mr Hahn said. “We should say OK, let’s clean the table [of] everything we had and look [at] what could be the future kind of co-operation. Elements from things which have already existed might be taken on board.”

“無論是對他們還是對我們來說，當前局勢都是不可持續的，”哈恩稱，“我們應該說，好的，讓我們來理清桌面上的所有東西，看看未來可能的合作形式。現有的種種情況都可能被納入考慮。”

Turkey is still officially a candidate for EU membership, though it has long been recognised that the country no longer has a meaningful prospect of joining. Mr Hahn said stability and certainty were required in the relationship between Brussels and Ankara, with Turkey’s economy weakening and the country facing “refinancing challenges” this year and in 2018.

目前土耳其仍然是歐盟候選成員國，儘管長期以來人們一直認爲，土耳其入歐可能性其實已經不大。哈恩稱，在土耳其經濟疲軟以及今明兩年該國面臨“再融資挑戰”的情況下，布魯塞爾和安卡拉之間的關係需要穩定和確定下來。

He would seek a mandate from European foreign ministers to explore new arrangements with Ankara to replace the accession process — which can be suspended with approval of a qualified majority of member states — he said.

他表示，將尋求歐盟各國外長的授權，以探索與安卡拉建立新安排來代替入歐談判進程——在徵得成員國特定多數同意的情況下，該進程可以被暫停。

These would centre on a proposed upgrade to the 21-year-old EU customs union with Turkey, which covers industrial goods but not agriculture, services or public procurement. This would reinforce trade links with the country even as the accession process was parked, boosting an economy weakened by months of political turmoil.

新安排可能會以升級歐盟與土耳其有21年曆史的關稅聯盟爲核心。該協議覆蓋工業產品，但並不包括農業、服務業和公共採購。即便入歐進程被叫停，新的關稅聯盟也會加強歐盟與土耳其之間的貿易聯繫，提振該國因數月來的政治動盪而趨於疲軟的經濟。

EU member states have kept the accession process open to maintain dialogue and influence with Ankara. But Mr Hahn said there had to be a “realistic” and “rational” alternative, as the “artificial debate” over accession had overshadowed their relationship.

歐盟成員國還沒有切斷土耳其入歐進程，以維持與土耳其的對話，並對其施加影響。但哈恩表示，必須找到一種“現實的”和“合理的”替代選擇，因爲有關入歐的“模擬辯論”已讓雙方關係蒙上陰影。

He suggested Turkey could remain in the accession process only if it reversed its slide away from European values. “I am much more in favour [of having] something in place which is a more sustainable long-lasting structure.

他建議，土耳其只有改變背離歐洲價值觀的做法，才能留在入歐進程中。“我更加贊同（實施）某種機制，一種更可持續、持久的架構。

“I can’t believe that the country under Erdogan is willing to share any kind of power with anybody, and this is?the fundamental concept of the EU. In that respect one has to see what is the [most] suitable kind of co-operation.”

“我不相信埃爾多安領導下的這個國家會願意與任何人分享任何權力，而權力分享正是歐盟的基本理念。在這方面，我們必須看看（最）適合的合作形式是什麼。”

Only Austria has pushed for an outright halt to accession talks, amid concern in Germany and elsewhere that an abrupt break could jeopardise a controversial deal with Ankara that has helped curtail migrant flows into Europe.

只有奧地利提出直接停止土耳其入歐談判。德國和其他國家都擔心，突然中斷談判可能會危及一項與土耳其達成的爭議性協議，該協議對遏制移民流入歐洲起到了一定作用。

But diplomats believe Europe is now better placed to confront any increase in migrants and that Mr Erdogan will calculate it is not in his interests to force refugees to leave Turkey.

但外交官們認爲，歐洲如今已能更好地應對移民增加，而埃爾多安也會知道強迫難民離開土耳其不符合他的利益。

Ankara’s relations with Europe deteriorated sharply during the constitutional referendum campaign, with Mr Erdogan comparing the Dutch and German governments to Nazis after they refused to allow Turkish ministers to address rallies in their countries in support of the changes.

在土耳其爲修憲公投宣傳造勢期間，荷蘭和德國政府拒絕讓土耳其一些部長在正在他們國家舉行的支持土耳其修憲的集會上發言，埃爾多安因此把這兩國政府比作納粹，這些事情導致土歐關係顯著惡化。

EU foreign ministers hold talks in Malta on Friday, at which they will take stock of relations with Mr Erdogan and Turkey’s new constitution, which has been criticised by human rights groups.

本週五，歐盟國家外長將在馬耳他舉行會談，討論與埃爾多安的關係以及土耳其的新憲法。新憲法遭到了人權團體的批評。