中英雙語話歷史 第17期:東周(春秋紛爭)

Eastern Zhou Dynasty came into being in 770 B. C. , when King Ping of Zhou moved the capital eastward to Luoyi, and ended in 256 B.C., when conquered by the Qin, lasting 514 years under the reign of 25 kings.

周自公元前770年周平王東遷洛邑，到公元前256年被秦所滅，共傳二十五王，前後經歷了514年。

It is traditionally to be divided into two phases ： the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The Spring and Autumn Period was from about 770 to 476 B. C. The name for this period derives from the Spring and Autumn Annals , a history record of the state Lu (a fiefdoms of the Zhou Dynasty) adapted by Confucius. The second half, the Warring States Period, began in 475 B. C. and stretched down to 221B.C..

我國習慣上把這段歷史分爲兩個時期，公元前770年至前476年，爲春秋時期，因孔子改編的魯史《春秋》而得名；另一半，從 韓、趙、魏“三家分晉”（公元前475年）至秦始皇統一六國（公元前221年），爲戰國時期。

The Spring and Autumn period was not only a changing period, but the interim as well, during which the social economy experienced rapid transformation, the political situation became complicated, warfares emerged endlessly, academic study and culture were extraordinarily splendid, and the ancient Chinese civilization was evolving to the middle age.

春秋時期，是中國歷史上社會經濟急劇變化、政治局面錯綜複雜、軍事鬥爭層出不窮、學術文化異彩紛呈的一個變革時期，是中華古代文明逐漸發展爲中世紀文渡時期。

Internal power struggles and invasions of Rong tribe forced King Ping to abandon Haojing and with the help of such states as Jin and Zheng moved to Luoyi in 771 B.C.

在內亂和戎族入侵的交織打擊之下，公元前770年,周平王被迫放棄鎬京，依仗晉、鄭等諸侯的力量遷都洛邑。

Hence, relying on the support from some powerful vassals both in politics and in economy, the imperial court began to decLine, and times when Zhou king controlled the country had gone forever.

從此王室開始衰弱，在政治上和經濟上都依靠一些比較強大的諸侯的支持，周天子號令天下的時代一去不復返。

In 707 B. C.，King Huan launched a puni-five expedition against the unruly state of Zheng, he was not only defeated, but also wounded by an arrow.

公元前707年，桓王出兵伐桀驁不馴的鄭國，不僅爲鄭師所敗，還被射傷。

Hereon，the king of Zhou existed in name only.

從此，周天子名存實亡。

According to history records, there were 128 vassal states during the Spring and Autumn Period, while the important ones were ten or more.

春秋時期，見於史書的諸侯國名有128個，但比較重要的不過十幾個。

Resorting on the military strength, they launched wars constantly, annexing small states, expanding the domain, and a situation of vassals contending for hegemony came into being.

這些比較大的諸侯國憑藉其實力，不斷髮動戰爭兼併小國，擴充領土，形成了諸侯爭霸的局面。

The Five Hegemons are also called the Five Counts. There are different versions about their identities. The traditional definition is that Duke of Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Wu of Qin, Duke Xiang of Song, and King Zhuang of Chu ； the other is Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, King Zhuang of Chu, King Helu of Wu and King Goujian of Yue.

春秋時期的“五霸”，歷史上有不同的說法:一說是指齊桓公、宋襄公、晉文公、 秦穆公和楚莊王;另一說是指齊桓公、晉文公、楚莊王、吳王闔閭和越王勾踐。

Duke Huan of Qi (in the throne from 685 B.C.-643 B.C.) was the first over-lord.

最早稱霸的是齊桓公（公元前685 ~公元前643在位）。

In the east, the state of Qi had rich natural resources. Kings through the ages were engaged in the rectification of politics and the development of economy, so its national strength grew gradually.

齊國在東方，自然資源豐富，歷代君主致力於整頓政治，發展生產，國力逐漸發展起來。

When he was in the throne, he designated a statesman named Guan Zhong as his prime minister to carry out reforms, and Qi became powerful rapidly.

齊桓公繼位後，以管仲爲相，改革內政，使齊國迅速強大。

Duke Huan of Qi succeeded in uniting the vassal lords by invoking the slogan of “loyalty to the King of Zhou”，defeated Northern Rong tribe and deterred invasions of Di tribe, due to which he was widely supported by vassals and his prestige rose greatly.

後以“尊王攘夷”爲名，聯合個諸侯國打敗了北戎，制止了狄人的侵擾。齊桓公救患扶危的行爲，得到一些諸侯的擁護，威信大增。

In 656 B.C. , Duke Huan led an alliance of eight vassal states to attack Chu, and finally concluded a covenant at Zhaoling (the present-day Yancheng in Henan). Qi，s supremacy reached its apex.

公元前656年，齊桓公帶領8個諸侯國的聯軍攻楚，訂立了召陵（今河南偃城）之盟，其霸業發展到頂峯。

In 651 B. C., Qi organized a meeting at Kuiqiu (now Northeast of Minquan County in Henan) with the participation of the monarchs of Lu, Song, Wei, Zheng, Xu and Cao participating in. Even the Zhou King sent his representative.

公元前651年，齊桓公在葵丘（今河南民權縣東 北）大會諸侯，參加會盟的有齊、魯、宋、衛、鄭、許、曹等國的國君，周天子也派代表參加。這次會盟史稱“葵丘之會”。

The meeting decided that states creating a friendly alliance should never attack each other, and that they had to assist each other if one partner should be attacked by an enemy.

葵丘之會規定各國和睦相處，互不侵犯。任何成員國受到外敵攻擊，其他各國均應救援。

Duke Huan thus became the hegemon of the alliance, namely the overlord, and controlled the king of Zhou, acting as the highest judicial person.

齊桓公爲盟主，就是霸主，得以挾天子以令諸侯。

When Duke Huan died，the intense contention for succession occurred and the power of Qi was weakened.

齊桓公死後，齊國出現爭奪君權的內亂，力量削弱。

Chu took this opportunity to enhance its force, devastating several small states in the north successively, and then directing the spearhead at the central plain again.

楚國乘機發展勢力，先後滅了楚國北邊的幾個小國,重新把矛頭指向中原。

Figuring for the position of overlord, Duke Xiang of Song had a contest with Chu.

宋襄公爲謀取霸主地位，展開了與楚國的較量。

The two armies met at Hongshui in 638 B. C. Conseuently, Song was defeated, and Duke Xiang was wounded, and died.

公元前638年，兩軍在泓水相遇，宋軍大敗，宋襄公受了箭傷，不久便死去了。

The state of Song lost its last chance to rise to political and military significance.

宋就此失去了在經濟、軍事上稱雄的機會。

As Chu was ruling the central plain, Jin in the west was rising up quietly.

正當楚國稱雄中原的時候，西部的晉國悄然興起。

Duke Wen of Jin ascended to the enthronement after 19 years of hard exile.

晉文公重耳在外流亡19年後繼位。

Duke Wen of Jin carried out political reform, and strengthened the national economy and thus he gained high prestige among lords.

他改革政治，發展經濟，在諸侯中威信很高。

In 635 B. C. ,the King Xiang of Zhou escaped from inner disturbances to Zheng.

公元前635年，周襄王爲了避內亂逃到了鄭國。

Duke Wen of Jin saw his chance. Raising the banner of “ loyalty to the king of Zhou”，and allying other lords, he conquered Wang Zidai, rescued the king and accompanied him back to the royal domain, highly rewarded by the King.

晉文公以爲是取威定霸的好機會，便打着“尊王”的旗號，打垮王子帶，把襄王送回王都。

The next step for the Duke should be to challenge the power of Chu.

接下來，晉文公就要與楚國一決雌雄。

In 633 B. C. , the state of Chu led an alliance with Chen, Cai, Zheng and Xu, and then attacked Song.

公元前633年， 楚與陳、蔡、鄭、許結盟，攻打宋國都城。

In response, Jin led the force of Song, Qi and Qin to rescue Song, and crashed the alliance of Chu at the battle of Chengpu (Linpuji in the Southwest of modern Juancheng in Shandong).

次年初，晉文公率齊秦聯軍兵救宋,在城襥 (現山東鄄城西南臨濮集）大敗楚軍。

Duke Wen of Jin established a new friendly alliance during the meeting at Jiantu (Southwest of present YuanYang County, Henan) and became the new overlord.

戰後，晉文公在踐土（河南原陽縣西南）會盟諸侯，成爲中原霸主。

However, the contention between Jin and Chu for supremacy lasted for many years.

然而，楚晉之爭並未就此結束，戰爭延續多年。

Qin used to be a small country in the west of modern Shaanxi.

秦國原是活動在陝西西部的一個小國。

During the reign of Duke Mu, Bai Lixi was appointed as Dafu (a high official), rectifying civil affairs and encouraging production, therefore, the state was gradually rich and strong, its territory was expanded eastward, and bordered with the state of Jin.

秦穆公時，任用百里奚爲大夫，整頓內政，獎勵生產，國家逐漸富強，疆土向東擴展，與晉國相接。

Qin launched a war against Jin in 645 B. C.-, not only defeated Jin utterly at the battle of Hanyuan (the modern Ruicheng in Shanxi), and captured Duke Hui of Jin as well.

公元前645年，秦伐晉，大破晉軍於韓原(今山西芮城），生俘晉惠公。

In 627 B.C. , Duke Mu launched a surprise attack on Zheng, but was intercepted at Xiao (in the northwest of modern Luoning in Henan) by Jin； all his three generals were captured, and the whole army was annihilated.

公元前627年，秦又襲鄭，在回軍至殽（今河南洛寧西北）時，遭晉軍截擊，秦軍的三個將軍被俘，全軍覆沒。史稱“殽之戰”。

From then on，the military confrontation between Qin and Jin went on constantly, and each side had victories and losses.

此後，秦、晉屢有戰爭，互有勝負。

Since Jin blocked the gate for Qin to the Central Plain and Qin could but expand its territory to the west. After annexing some Rong Di tribes, Qin began to dominate the area of Western Rong.

秦國爲晉所阻，不得向東發展,轉而向西,吞併了一些戎狄部族，稱霸西戎。

Chu was a barbarian state in the basins of Jiang and Han.

楚是江、漢流域的一個蠻族國家。

During the reign of King Zhuang of Chu, Sun Shuao was designated as prime minister. With his help, the internal affairs were regulated, irrigation system was constructed, and the state became powerful and prosperous.

楚莊王時，孫叔敖爲宰相，整飭內政,興修水利，國勢更加強盛。

In 606 B. C. King Zhuang headed troops arriving at the outskirts of Luoyi, and King Ding of Zhou was forced to hold ritual of consolation for him.

公元前606年，楚莊王率軍至雒邑的郊外，周定王被迫派人爲他舉行慰勞歡迎之禮。

In 598B. C. King Zhuang besieged the state of Zheng, and Jin sent army to rescue it.

公元前598年，楚圍鄭，晉救鄭。

Then at the battle of Bi (in the east of modern Zhengzhou in Henan) the army of the former hegemonial state of Jin was defeated.

次年，晉、楚軍戰於郷（今河南鄭州市東），晉軍大敗。史稱“鄖之戰”。

In 594 B. C. ,Chu defeated the state of Song and obtained the hegemonship over the Central Plain.

公元前594年，楚又敗宋，楚莊王成爲中原的霸主。

When the contention in the central plain came to an end, states Wu and Yue in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River rose to prominence.

當中原諸侯爭霸接近尾聲時，地處長江下游的吳、越發展起來。

In 506 B. C. , appointed Wu Zixu as general, King Helu of Wu launched an punitive expedition a-gainst Chu, and captured the capital of Chu, Ying.

周敬王十四年 (公元前506)，吳王闔閭以伍員（伍子胥）爲大將，統兵伐楚，攻進楚都。

In 496 B. C. , King of the Wu state commanded the army to march south and attack the state of Yue.

周敬王二十四年(公元前496)又揮師南進伐越。

King Gou-jian of Yue led the army to fight back and King Helu suffered an injury which led to his death.

越王勾踐率兵迎戰，越大夫靈姑浮一戈擊中闔閭，闔閭因傷逝世。

In 494 B. C. , King Fuchai of the Wu state, the son of Helu, attacked Yue to seek revenge. Yue was defeated. King Goujian sued for peace, sending jewels and Xishi (a great beauty in Chinese history) to the Wu king, and leading the horse for Fuchai himself.

周敬王二十六年（公元前494)，吳王夫差爲父報仇，興兵敗越，越王勾踐求和，送給吳王珍寶美女西施，自己親自爲夫差牽馬。

Degrading himself as a Wu subject, Goujian prepared to restore his state.

勾踐自賤爲吳民，志在復國。

Exploiting the victory, King Wu launched an attack northward and defeated Qi, attempting to seize hegemony.

吳王乘勝向北進擊，大敗齊軍，成爲小霸。

After ten years of sleeping on brushwood and tasting gall, Goujian finally annihilated Wu. Ashamed and resentful, Fuchai committed suicide.

越王勾踐臥薪嚐膽，十年生聚，十年生息，終於在周元王三年（公元前473)消 滅吳國，夫差羞憤自殺。

Goujian went to the north to confer with Qi and Jin at Xu, and became the last hegemon.

勾踐北上與齊晉會盟于徐,成爲最後一個霸主。