中英雙語話史記 第70期:孝文帝改革
Reform by Emperor Xiaowen
孝文帝改革Emperor Xiaowen implemented a drastic policy of sinicization,intending to centralize the government and make the multiethnic state more easy to govern.
孝文帝實施了徹底的漢化政策，想要使權力更加集中到中央政府並更好地管理這個多民族的國家。These policies included changing artistic styles to reflect Chinese preferences and forcing the population to speak the language and to wear Chinese clothes.
這些政策包括按照漢人的喜好改變藝術風格，讓人民說漢語、穿漢服。
He forced his own Xianbei people and others to adopt Chinese surnames, and changed his own family surname from Tuoba to Yuan.
他要求自己的鮮卑族民和其他人都採用漢人的姓氏，並將自己家族的姓氏“拓跋”改成了“元”。He also encouraged intermarriage between Xianbei and Han.
同時，他還鼓勵鮮卑族和漢族通婚。In 494, Emperor Xiaowen moved the Northern Wei capital from Pingcheng（in modem Datong, Shanxi） to Luoyang, a city long acknowledged as a major center in Chinese history.
494年，孝文帝將都城從平城（今山西大同）遷至了中國歷史上一個重要的中心城市——洛陽。The shift in the capital was mirrored by a shift in tactics from active defense to passive defense against the Rouran.
都城的改變反映了在反抗柔然族的策略上從主動攻擊到被動防守的轉變。While the capital was moved to Luoyang, the military elite remained centered at the old capital,
當都城遷至洛陽後，軍事精英們卻仍分佈在舊都，widening the differences between the administration and the military.
這進一步加大了政府與軍隊之間的差異。
The population at the old capital remained fiercely conservative, while the population at Luoyang was much more eager to adopt Xiaowen’s policies of sinicization.
舊都的人民依舊非常保守，而洛陽的人民則更樂於採納孝文帝漢化的政策。His reforms were met with resistance by the Xianbei elite.
孝文帝的改革遭到了鮮卑貴族們的反抗。In 496, two plots by Xianbei nobles, one centered around his crown prince Yuan Xun, and one centered around his distant uncle Yuan Yi (元頤）.
496年，鮮卑貴族成立了兩個陰謀集團，一個以太子元恂爲中心，另一個擁簇孝文帝的表叔元頤。By 497, Xiaowen had destroyed the conspiracies and forced Yuan Xun to commit suicide.
到497年，孝文帝摧毀了陰謀集團並賜元恂自縊。Unfortunate for Emperor Xiaowen, his sinicization policies had their downsides---- namely, he adopted the Jin Dynasty social stratification methods,
對於孝文帝來說不幸的是，他的漢化政策也存在副作用，換句話說，他採用了晉朝的社會分層法，leading to incompetent nobles being put into positions of power while capable men of low birth not being able to advance in his government.
卻導致將無能的貴族委以重任而有才能卻出身低微的人無法在政途上取得進展。Further, his wholesale adoption of Han culture and fine arts encouraged the nobles to be corrupt in order to afford the lifestyles of the Han elite, leading to further erosion to effective rule.
進一步來說，孝文帝對於漢文化與藝術全方位的接受使得貴族通過貪污腐敗獲得漢人貴族們的生活模式，這更加侵蝕了帝王的有效統治。By the time of his grandson Emperor Xiaoming, Northern Wei was in substantial upheaval due to agrarian revolts,
到他的孫子孝明帝執政時，北魏由於農民起義已經處於實質上的動亂之中，and by 534 had been divided into two halves, each of which would soon be taken over by warlords.
534年時，北魏分裂成兩部分，很快，兩部分都被領主所控制。
