前衛行爲藝術挑釁巴塞爾藝術展

BASEL, Switzerland — In an old market hall adjacent to the cavernous center where Art Basel, the gold standard of contemporary art fairs, is taking place, there is a happening unlike anything ever staged here. Called "14 Rooms," it consists of 14 mini-performances created by artists including Marina Abramovic, Damien Hirst and Yoko Ono, each secreted in a small space behind mirrored doors. Open one door, and there's a Marina Abramovic look-alike naked and astride a bicycle seat, arms outstretched. In another, identical twins sit in front of identical spot paintings by Mr. Hirst.

瑞士巴塞爾——巴塞爾藝術展(Art Basel)是現代藝術展會的金標，它在巴塞爾洞穴般的藝術中心內舉行，在它旁邊，一個古老的市場裏，一件前所未有的事情登場了。它名叫“14個房間”(14 Rooms)，由14個小型表演組成，它們由瑪麗娜·阿布拉莫維奇(Marina Abramovic)、達米恩·赫斯特(Damien Hirst)和小野洋子等藝術家創作，他們每人隱藏在一個裝鏡子的門後的一個小空間裏，打開門後，會有一個長得很像瑪麗娜·阿布拉莫維奇的人裸體跨坐在一個自行車座上，雙臂伸開。在另一扇門裏，有一對雙胞胎坐在赫斯特創作的同樣的幾幅點油畫前面。

"Performance art is usually at the periphery, so why not put it front and center?" said Klaus Biesenbach, director of MoMA PS1 in New York, who organized the project with Hans-UlRich Obrist, a director of exhibitions at the Serpentine Gallery in London. "It's a temporary museum. Nothing here is for sale."

“行爲藝術通常處於邊緣，爲什麼不把它推向前臺和中心呢？”紐約MoMA PS1的理事克勞斯·比森巴赫(Klaus Biesenbach)說，他與倫敦蛇形畫廊的展覽主管漢斯-烏爾裏希·奧布里斯特(Hans-Ulrich Obrist)一起組織了這個項目。“這是一個臨時藝術館，這裏的一切都不出售。”

But next door at Art Basel, almost everything is. As big and boisterous as ever, with 285 galleries from 34 countries participating, this fair is still a magnet for the contemporary art world. Spotted at Tuesday's V.I.P. opening were big-money collectors like Steven A. Cohen, the hedge fund billionaire; Daniel S. Loeb, the activist hedge fund manager and Sotheby's new board member; Mitchell P. Rales, the Washington industrialist, and his wife, Emily; Jerry I. Speyer, chairman of the Museum of Modern Art; and Daniel Brodsky, chairman of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and his wife, Estrellita, an independent curator. Few artists ever make an appearance at art fairs but Oscar Murillo, the Colombian-born painter, did.

但在隔壁的巴塞爾藝術展，一切都是用來出售的。它和往常一樣喧囂龐大，有來自34個國家的285個畫廊參加，這個展覽對於當代藝術世界來說仍然極具吸引力。在週二的貴賓開幕式上，有許多富有的收藏家光臨，比如對衝基金億萬富翁史蒂文·A·科恩(Steven A. Cohen)；激進的對衝基金經紀人與蘇富比新的董事會成員丹尼爾·S·羅伊布(Daniel S. Loeb)；華盛頓工業家米歇爾·P·拉萊斯(Mitchell P. Rales)和他的妻子艾米莉(Emily)；MoMA館長傑裏·I·斯派爾(Jerry I. Speyer)，以及大都會藝術博物館的館長丹尼爾·布羅德斯基(Daniel Brodsky)和他的妻子——獨立策展人艾斯崔爾麗塔(Estrellita)。幾乎沒有什麼藝術家會來藝術市場，但是哥倫比亞出生的畫家奧斯卡·穆裏洛(Oscar Murillo)來了。

Last month, $2.2 billion worth of art changed hands at the big auctions in New York. The strength of those sales affected everything about this year's fair, from the higher prices to the choice of art. So have museum exhibitions. "Collectors are driven by institutional context," the dealer David Zwirner said. Prominently displayed in his booth is a shiny blue stainless-steel sculpture of a dolphin by Jeff Koons, whose retrospective is opening this month at the Whitney Museum of American Art. Priced at $5 million, it sold on Tuesday to a collector from China, Mr. Zwirner said. His booth also features paintings by the South African-born Marlene Dumas, who has a traveling show opening at the Stedelijk in Amsterdam in September; and canvases by Gerhard Richter, who is the subject of an exhibition at the Beyeler Foundation in Basel.

上個月，有價值22億的藝術品在紐約的大型拍賣會上易手。這些拍賣會的後果影響了今年藝術展的方方面面，從更高的價格到藝術上的選擇。畫廊的展覽也受到了影響。“藏家會跟着美術館走，”藝術商大衛·澤沃納(David Zwirner)說。他的攤位上最醒目地展示出一尊閃亮的藍色不鏽鋼海豚雕塑，是傑夫·庫恩斯(Jeff Koons)的作品，他的回顧展本月將在惠特尼美國藝術館展出。澤沃納說，星期二，一位來自中國的藏家以500萬美元買下了它。他的攤位上還有南非藝術家瑪麗娜·杜馬(Marlene Dumas)的油畫，她的流動展將於9月在阿姆斯特丹的市立博物館展出；還有格哈德·里克特(Gerhard Richter)的油畫，他的作品將在巴塞爾貝列爾基金會主辦的展覽中展出。

Mr. Zwirner wasn't the only dealer touting works with a museum presence. Dominique Levy, a New York dealer, had a 1964 black-and-white comic book drawing by Roy Lichtenstein that was in a show at the Morgan Library & Museum four years ago. It sold for an undisclosed price to an American collector.

和澤沃納一樣，其他很多藝術商也按照博物館的展覽安排出售藝術品。紐約藝術商多米尼克·利維(Dominique Levy)有一本1964年羅伊·李奇登斯坦(Roy Lichtenstein)的黑白漫畫書，四年前曾在摩根圖書館與藝術館展出過。它以一個保密的價格被一位美國收藏家買走。

"Sotheby's and Christie's went through a record cycle, and that gives people confidence," Mr. Zwirner said. "Basel is our biggest weapon, if we want to go mano a mano with the auction houses."

“蘇富比與佳士得不斷創新紀錄，這給了人們信心，”澤沃納說，“如果想同拍賣行抗爭，巴塞爾是我們最大的武器。”

Brett Gorvy, chairman of postwar and contemporary art at Christie's, was here, too. Prices, he said, are "informed by the auctions." "Collectors have sticker shock, yet they're pulling the trigger," he added, using as an example one of Andy Warhol's "fright wig" self-portraits from 1986 that several people said had belonged to Thea Westreich, the New York collector and dealer. It was bought by another New York collector for around $34 million, according to Per Skarstedt, the dealer who sold it. In addition to examples of Warhol and Bacon — both top sellers at auction last month — Mr. Koons, whose sculptures had adorned the covers of both Sotheby's and Christie's contemporary art auction catalogs, was ubiquitous. The Gagosian Gallery is featuring "Hulk (Wheelbarrow)," a giant green painted bronze Hulk carrying a wheelbarrow filled with live flowers; it is priced at $4 million. Almine Rech, another dealer, brought two "Gazing Ball" sculptures made this year, one priced at $2 million and the other at $1.6 million. Both sold to European collectors, she said.

佳士得戰後與當代藝術部的負責人布萊特·戈爾維(Brett Gorvy)也來到了這裏。他說，價格“是由拍賣行提供的”。“收藏家們看了價錢會很震驚，但他們還要買，”他補充說，並以安迪·沃霍爾(Andy Warhol)1986年的“恐怖假髮”自畫像爲例，有人說它曾經屬於紐約收藏家與藝術商提亞·威斯特里徹(Thea Westreich)。經銷商珀爾·斯卡斯特茲(Per Skarstedt)說，它被另一位紐約收藏家以3400萬美元買走。除了沃霍爾與培根（兩人都是上個月在拍賣中拍出頂尖高價的藝術家），庫恩斯的作品也無所不在，他的雕塑曾經用於蘇富比與佳士得當代藝術拍賣目錄的封面。加戈西安畫廊推出了《綠巨人（獨輪手推車）》(Hulk[Wheelbarrow])，一個巨大的青銅綠巨人推着獨輪手推車，裏面裝滿鮮花，它標價400萬美元。另一位藝術商阿爾米恩·萊徹(Almine Rech)帶來今年完成的兩座《凝視球》(Gazing Ball)雕塑，一座價格是200萬美元，另一座是160萬美元。她說，兩件作品都賣給了歐洲收藏家。

Younger trendy artists are also represented here, with paintings by Jacob Kassay, Joe Bradley and Mark Bradford, many of which were spoken for.

年輕時尚的藝術家們的作品也在這裏出售，有雅克布·卡塞(Jacob Kassay)、喬伊·布拉德利(Joe Bradley)和馬克·布拉德福特 (Mark Bradford)的油畫，很多都已被賣出。

One young artist determined to control his market is Wade Guyton, the American painter who produces canvases on inkjet printers. Last month, protesting an enormous price asked for one of his paintings at auction, he made copies of the 2005 image from the original disk and posted them on Instagram. (Prices for his paintings were stronger than ever anyway, with one bringing nearly $6 million.) Undeterred, for Art Basel he gave each of the five dealers he works with — Frederich Petzel from New York, Gió Marconi in Milan, Galerie Gisela Capitain from Cologne, Galerie Francesca Pia from Zurich and Galerie Chantal Crousel in Paris — a black painting, all the same size and all made from the same disk. They each had a $350,000 price tag, and all of them sold either on Tuesday or before.

年輕的美國畫家韋德·蓋伊頓決定不去控制自己的市場，他主要在帆布上創作噴墨畫。上個月，爲抗議他的一幅作品在拍賣會上定爲高價，他從原始光盤複製這幅2005年的畫作，貼在Instagram上（但他的畫作價格卻繼續上漲，其中一幅接近600萬美元）。他未被阻撓，在巴塞爾藝術展上給了紐約的弗裏德里克·佩澤爾(Frederich Petzel)、米蘭的齊奧·馬可尼(Gió Marconi)、科隆的吉塞拉船長畫廊(Galerie Gisela Capitain)、蘇黎世的弗朗西斯卡·皮亞畫廊(Galerie FrancescaPia)和巴黎的尚塔·克魯瑟畫廊(Galerie Chantal Crousel)這五位合作者每位一張畫，這是一張黑色的油畫，五張畫尺寸一樣，都是用同一張光盤複製而成。每張上面都標價35萬美元，週二之前都賣出去了。

In an email, Mr. Guyton explained that he instructed the dealers to hang his paintings at identical heights, "so each time you walk up to one, you would have a similar physical encounter." He added: "On the one hand, it is a way to satisfy all my galleries simultaneously and fairly. It's also a way of talking about the repetitive experience of seeing similar artworks throughout a fair and embracing that aggressively by showing almost identical works."

在電子郵件中，蓋伊頓解釋說，他要求經銷商把自己的油畫懸掛在同一高度：“所以每次你走過一家畫廊，就會有同樣的身體感覺。”他補充，“另一方面，這可以同時公平地滿足我的所有畫廊。這也是一種藝術方式，去表達在藝術展上看到類似重複的藝術作品，把出示幾乎相同的作品視爲具有攻擊性，這樣一種體驗。”

For a few years now, people have complained that dealers have been selling or reserving work by sending collectors images of what will be on view in Basel well before the fair opens. That discussion grew louder this week. "Preselling should be forbidden," said Philippe Ségalot, a private New York dealer whose antics in years past — including hiring a Hollywood makeup artist to disguise him so he could sneak into the fair before everyone and snap up the best works — have become Art Basel legend.

近幾年來，人們抱怨經銷商在出售或保留作品的時候，不等巴塞爾藝術展召開，就把商品的圖像拿給收藏家看。這個星期，有關討論更加熱烈了。“應該禁止預售，”紐約私人經銷商菲利普·塞加洛(Philippe Ségalot)說，他在去年做出了許多奇異舉動，諸如僱了一個好萊塢化妝師幫他易容，讓他提前溜進會場，搶購最好的藝術品，今年這些事已經成爲巴塞爾藝術展的傳奇。

"If I had done that this year," Mr. Ségalot said, "there would have been nothing to buy."

“如果我今年還做這種事，”塞加洛說，“那這兒也沒什麼好買的了。”