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國花系列:IRIS(法國)

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Iris blossoms are highly specialized and different from our Standard Blossom in several interesting ways. The image shows a typical iris flower with some of its unusual modifications.


The showy parts of iris flowers are not clearly distinguishable between calyx and corolla, as in our Standard Blossom. The lowest parts, where you'd expect the calyx to be, are just as colorful and fleshy as the upper parts, where the corolla should be. When you want to refer to both calyx and corolla, or the showy parts where the calyx and corolla should be, you can call the whole structure a perianth. One specialized "perianth segment" of the iris blossom, situated where we'd expect a calyx's sepals to be, is the petal-like falls. The falls serves as a "landing pad" for pollinators. Notice how the falls in the flower above has bright lines leading into the blossom's mouth. These serve as nectar guides, directing pollinators toward the nectar.
國花系列:IRIS(法國)


The 3 standards correspond to a normal flower's petals. They rise above the blossom and provide more color and pollinator-attracting power to the flower.


One last interesting feature of iris blossoms is that in many species and varieties the upper surface of the falls is equipped with a beard consisting of fuzz such as that shown in the much-magnified image at the left. The beard gives pollinators something to hold on to as they enter the iris blossom in search of nectar.

國花系列:IRIS(法國) 第2張

學名:Iris tectorum
科屬:鳶尾科鳶尾屬
特徵:多年生草本花卉。高30~50釐米,根狀莖短而粗,分枝叢生,淡黃色。葉劍形質薄,淡綠色,長30~60釐米。花莖與葉等長,單一或二分枝,每枝有花1~4 朵,花藍紫色,外輪裂片倒卵形,外折,具深色網紋,中部有雞冠狀突起及白色髯毛,內輪裂片較小,倒卵形呈拱形直立,花柱花瓣狀,覆蓋着雄蕊。


法國是一個鮮花之國,它的首都巴黎有“花都”的美譽。鶯尾被視爲法蘭西王國的國花.
國花系列:IRIS(法國) 第3張

相傳法蘭克王路易、克洛維斯接受洗禮時,上帝送給他的禮物就是金百合花,法文的百合花與“路易之花”,發音相近。視金百合花爲純潔,金百合花花形象白鴿飛翔的姿勢,象徵着“聖靈”。法國國王路易第六,將金百合花作爲他的印章和鑄幣圖案,裝飾他藍袍的邊緣,他穿着藍袍 去參加受任國王的儀式,因此金百合花又成了王室權利的象徵。其實,這裏所說的金百合花就是香根鶯尾。 法國人種植香根鶯尾除供觀賞外,也是獲取香精的重要原料。

關於法國國花,另一種說法是百合花。相傳當初統治法國的克羅卑鳥斯王是以青蛙作徽章的。有一次一名隱士在他家顯靈,吩咐他獻一隻美麗的盾給皇后,盾上雕一朵百合花。以後,克羅卑斯麥持此盾上戰場交鋒,每戰告捷,從此以後定百合花爲國花

花語是優美
鳶尾花代表戀愛使者
鳶尾花雖然具有粗大的根,寬闊如刀的葉,非常強韌的生命力。但是由於它是製造香水的原料,因此相當受尊重,也廣被使用。




鳶尾花,中文名來自於它的花瓣像鳶的尾巴。鳶(glede)是鷹科的一種鳥,《詩·大雅·旱麓》曰“鳶飛戾天,魚躍於淵。”它的希臘/英文名是iris, 意爲彩虹,因爲這種花有紅,橙,紫,藍,白,黑各色,不愧彩虹之稱。它的法語名是fleur-de-lis或者fleur-de-lys, 這個講不出什麼名堂,但是它的古法語拼法是fleur-de-luce, luce就是拉丁文的light, 光明也。所以這花在法語裏是“光之花”。

法國的國花是鳶尾科的香根鳶尾(fleur de lis),它體大花美,婀娜多姿,與百合花(lily)極爲相似。鳶尾與百合分屬兩個截然不同的科類,雖然一眼看去,似乎兩者都有六枚“花瓣”,殊不知鳶尾花只有三枚花瓣,其餘外圍的那三瓣乃是保護花蕾的萼片,只是由於這三枚瓣狀萼片長得酷似花瓣,以致常常以假亂真,令人難於辨認。此外,鳶尾的“花瓣”一半向上翹起,一半向下翻卷,而百合花的花瓣卻一律向上。另有一些鳶尾的花心深處還長有三枚由雌芯變成的長舌形瓣兒。由於歐洲人常把鳶尾花稱作“百合花”,故不少人以爲法國的國花是百合花。

近代漢語裏經常把fleur-de-lis翻譯成“金百合”,正確的翻法還應該是“鳶尾花”。