高智商人羣的8個特質

Over on Quora, more than 100 people have answered the question "What are the common traits of highly intelligent people?"
在Quora網站上，對於問題“高智商人羣有哪些共同的特點？”的回答已經有100多個了。

Some users claim to know from personal experience; others are just taking an educated guess.
有的答主從個人經歷方面回答，有的則從個人專業知識作出估計。

As it turns out, many users gave answers that researchers would agree with.
結果顯示，許多Quora用戶的回答都得到了研究人員的肯定。

We pulled eight of the most intriguing Quora responses and explained the science behind them -- and let's just say that we feel a lot smarter now.
下面我們總結了8個最有趣的回答並解釋了其中的科學依據，那麼現在我們就能從中借鑑，使自己變得更聰明瞭。

Here's what we learned:
下面便是我們總結出來的要點：

1. They're highly adaptable.
1. 適應能力強。

Several Quora users noted that intelligent people are flexible and able to thrive in different settings. As Donna F Hammett writes, intelligent people adapt by "showing what can be done regardless of the complications or restrictions placed upon them."
有幾位Quora用戶在回答中提到，高智商的人常常有良好的適應能力，懂得在不同環境下綻放光芒。正如Donna F Hammett的回答：高智商的人們，不管當前面臨的條件多麼複雜，有多少限制因素，他們都能夠很好地完成任務。

Recent psychological research supports this idea. Intelligence depends on being able to change your own behaviors in order to cope more effectively with your environment, or make changes to the environment you're in.
最新的一項心理學調查支持了這一觀點。智商能力，常常表現爲：因環境的變化而調整個人的行爲從而更有效地適應它，或對當前所處的環境做出一些調整。

2. They understand how much they don't know.
2. 瞭解自己的不足。

The smartest folks are able to admit when they aren't familiar with a particular concept. As Jim Winer writes, intelligent people "are not afraid to say: 'I don't know.' If they don't know it, they can learn it."
聰明的人敢於承認自己不熟悉的領域。Jim Winer 回答道：高智商人羣敢於說“我不知道”。如果他們不知道，你會了解到的。

Winer's observation is backed up by a classic study by Justin Kruger and David Dunning, which found that the less intelligent you are, the more you overestimate your cognitive abilities.
Winer的觀察發現受到了Justin Kruger和David Dunning的一項經典研究的支撐。該研究發現，當你的智商越高，你就越不會高估自己的認知能力。

3. They have insatiable curiosity.
3. 永無止境的求知慾。

Albert Einstein reportedly said, "I have no special talents, I am only passionately curious."
愛因斯坦曾經說過：“我並不是什麼天才，我只是一個充滿好奇心的人罷了。”

Or, as Keyzurbur Alas puts it, "Intelligent people let themselves become fascinated by things others take for granted."
或，如同Keyzurbur Alas的回答：“高智商的人會讓自己迷上那些其他人覺得理所當然的事物。”

Research published in 2016 suggests there's a link between childhood intelligence and openness to experience -- which encompasses intellectual curiosity -- in adulthood.
在2016年的一項調查顯示，童年的智商水平與經驗的開放性之間有一定的聯繫——其中包含了求知慾——在成年的時期。

Scientists followed thousands of people born in the U.K. for 50 years and learned that 11-year-olds who'd scored higher on an IQ test turned out to be more open to experience at 50.
科學家們連續50年跟蹤調查了成千上萬的英國人。調查發現，在11歲時獲得較高的IQ測試分數的人們，在50歲的時候也更能接受新鮮事物。

4. They're open-minded.
4.心胸開闊。

Smart people don't close themselves off to new ideas or ett writes that intelligent people are "willing to accept and consider other views with value and broad-mindedness," and that they are "open to alternative solutions."
高智商的人們不會對新的觀點和機會抱有消極的態度。Hammett回答道：“高智商的人們願意以價值和開放的心胸去接受和考量不同的觀點，他們對不同的解決方案都能持有開放的態度。”

Psychologists say that open-minded people -- those who seek out alternate viewpoints and weigh the evidence fairly -- tend to score higher on the SAT and on intelligence tests.
心理學家表示，心胸開闊的人們——也就是能夠想出替換的想法，公平衡量證據的人——在SAT測試和智商測試中都獲得較高的分數。

At the same time, smart people are careful about which ideas and perspectives they adopt.
與此同時，高智商的人也會在意自己所採納的觀點和角度的實用性。

"An intelligent mind has a strong aversion to accepting things on face value and therefore withholds belief until presented with ample evidence," says Alas.“
高智商的人有較強的心理調節能力，從事物的表明價值去衡量，然後堅定信念直到找到足夠的支撐證據才完全接受。”

5. They like their own company.
5.喜好獨處。

Richard He points out that highly intelligent people tend to be "very individualistic."
Richard He說道，高智商的人們一般都很“個人主義”。

Interestingly, recent research suggests smarter people tend to derive less satisfaction than most people do from socializing with friends.
有趣的是，最新的研究就顯示了智商越高的人越不喜歡從社交當中獲得滿足感。

6. They have high self-control.
6.較強的自制力。

Zoher Ali writes smart people are able to overcome impulsiveness by "planning, clarifying goals, exploring alternative strategies, and considering consequences before [they] begin."
Zoher Ali答道：高智商的人們懂得“計劃——分清目標——尋找多種策略——在行動前考慮後果”來防止衝動的行爲。

Scientists have found a link between self-control and intelligence. In one 2009 study, participants had to choose between two financial rewards: a smaller payout immediately or a larger payout at a later date.
科學家們也發現了，在自制力和智商之間有聯繫。在2009年的一項調查研究中，參與者需要在兩種獎金中作出選擇：馬上可以得到一筆小獎金，或晚些時候得到一筆更大的獎金。

Results showed that participants who chose the larger payout at a later date -- i.e., those who had more self-control -- generally scored higher on intelligence tests.
結果顯示，在晚些時候獲得更大獎勵的參與者，也就是自制力更高的人，在智商測試的分數越高。

The researchers behind that study say one area of the brain -- the anterior prefrontal cortex -- might play a role in helping people solve tough problems and demonstrate self-control while working toward goals.
該項調查的研究人員表示，在人腦的一部分——前額葉皮層，也許起到了協助人們解決難題並在實現目標的過程中行使自制力的作用。

7. They're really funny.
7.他們都很有趣。

Advita Bihani points out highly intelligent people tend to have a great sense of humor.
Advita Bihani指出，高智商的人常常都有很強的幽默感。

Scientists agree. One study found people who wrote funnier cartoon captions scored higher on measures of verbal intelligence. Another study found professional comedians scored higher than average on measures of verbal intelligence.
科學家們也同意這個觀點。有一項研究發現，能夠描畫出有趣的漫畫的人們在語言智商測試中獲得越高的分數。另外也有一項研究發現，職業喜劇演員比普通人擁有更高的語言智商。

8. They're sensitive to other people's experiences.
8.對他人的經歷有較強的感受力。

Smart people can "almost feel what someone is thinking/feeling,"says He.
He回答道：“高智商的人幾乎可以感受他人所想/所感。”

Some psychologists argue that empathy, being attuned to the needs and feelings of others and acting in a way that is sensitive to those needs, is a core component of emotional intelligence. Emotionally intelligent individuals are typically very interested in talking to new people and learning more about them.
一些心理學家表示，同理心是情緒智商的一個核心要素，能夠理解他人的需求和感受，並且貼心地作出行動。情商高的人通常都很願意與新朋友交流並且從對方身上學習。