託福閱讀 心理學專業核心詞彙及真題梳理

託福閱讀涉及各學科範疇，心理學是託福閱讀考察頻次較高的一個學科範疇，下面我們就來看一看和心理學有關的核心詞彙及真題梳理。

託福閱讀|心理學專業核心詞彙及真題梳理

1. 心理的mental

Attitudes to mental illness have shifted in recent years.

最近幾年對精神病的態度已有所改變。

2. 身體的，物質的，物理的physical

Poor housing and family stress can affect both physical and mental health.

住房條件差、家庭壓力大會影響身心兩方面的健康。

3. 心靈的spiritual

Although spiritual leader of millions of people, the Pope has no temporal power.

教皇雖然是億萬人的精神領袖，但沒有絲毫的世俗權力。

4. 從衆conformity

Excessive conformity is usually caused by fear of disapproval.

過於墨守成規通常都是由於擔心得不到認可。

5. 多數人 majority

Independent candidates won the majority of seats on the local council.

無黨派候選人在地方議會選舉中贏得了多數席位。

6. 少數人 minority

Only a minority of the people supported the Revolution.

只有少數人支持這場革命。

7. (心理學)初始性判斷 threshold judgment

Small diamond search and threshold judgment are used to this algorithm.該算法主要使用了小菱形窗的搜索策略和閾值判決方法。

8. subject 受實驗對象

The Subject was transported to the safe house in a'covert car.

試驗對象通過一輛‘祕密汽車’輸送到安全屋.

9. 心理學 psychology

Psychology began as a purely academic offshoot of natural philosophy.

心理學最初是自然哲學一個純粹的學術分支。

10. 心理現象 mental phenomenon

We must experience directly the reality of this mental physical phenomenon.

我們必須直接體驗這身心現象的實相.

11. 心理過程 mental process

Speech comprehension is a complex mental process, which plays a significant part in our English study.

言語理解是一個複雜的心理過程, 同時在外語教學中發揮着重要的作用.

12. 心理狀態 mental state

Sedentary can cause people to mental depression, Aichi Wumingzhihuo , poor mental state.

久坐會導致人心理壓抑,愛發無名之火, 精神狀態欠佳.

13. 心理活動 mental activity

Reading is a deep - going and complex mental activity and an important way of spreading information.

閱讀是一種深刻而複雜的精神活動,是信息傳播的有效手段.

14. 意識 consciousness

I was meditating, and reached a higher state of consciousness.

我在冥想，並進入了一個更高的意識境界。

15. 內部活動 internal activity

The human body maintains an internal surroundings favorable to normal cell activity.

人體保持着一個適宜於細胞正常活動的內部環境.

16. 普通心理學 general psychology

The findings by Duke University researchers appeared appear in the Archives of General Psychology Psychiatry.

杜克大學研?a href="">咳嗽鋇姆⑾址⒈碓諂脹ň癲⊙Ъ鴕?

17. 實驗心理學 experimental psychology

The Department of Experimental Psychology aims for excellence in teaching and research.

實驗心理學系的宗旨在於優等的教學與研究.

18. 行爲科學 behavioral science

Business etiquette is a behavioral science, and should seriously the systemic training.

商務禮儀是行爲科學, 應充分重視訓練的系統性.

19. 心身關係 mind-body relation

20. 遺傳 heredity

Do heredity and environment determine a man's character?

遺傳和環境決定一個人的性格 嗎 ?

21. 活動理論 activity theory

22. 中央處理器模型 central processor model

23. 信息儲存 information storage

24. 人工智能 artificial intelligence, AI

This method of AI is called propagation of error.

這種人工智能的方法稱爲誤差傳播.

25. 計算機類比 computer analogy

26. 計算機模擬 computer simulation

27. 計算機模型 computer model

28. 測謊器 lie detector

29. 預期誤差 anticipation error

30. 正誤法 method of right and wrong cases

31. 反應 response

32. 訪談法 interview method

33. 問卷法 questionnaire

34. 表情法 method of expression

35. 提示法 anticipation method

36. 視覺 vision

37. 瞳孔 pupil

38. 可見光 visible light

39. 顏色匹配 color matching

40. 顏色對比 color contrast

41. 顏色混合 color mixture

42. 加色混合 additive color mixture

43. 色弱 color weakness

44. 紅色弱 red weakness

45. 色盲 color blindness

46. 紅色盲 red blindness

47. 藍黃色盲 blue-yellow blindness

48. 內耳 inner ear

49. 中耳 middle ear

50. 反映 reflection

託福閱讀真題練習：心理學領域的文本+題目+答案

託福閱讀文本：

Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.

Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question "What will I do after graduation?" A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.

A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones.

Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?"

託福閱讀題目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A)A tool to assist in making complex decisions.

(B)A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions

(C) Research on how people make decisions

(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making

2. The word "essential" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) introductory

(B) changeable

(C) beneficial

(D) fundamental

3. The word "pertinent" in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) relevant

(B) preceding

(C) insightful

(D) responsive

4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?

(A) Listing the consequences of each solution

(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution

(C) Deciding which consequences are most important

(D) Writing down all possible solutions

rding to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that

(A) has the fewest variables to consider

(B) uses the most decision worksheets

(C) has the most points assigned to it

(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people

6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of

(A) describing a process

(B) classifying types of worksheets

(C) providing historical background

(D) explaining a theory

7. The author states that "On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once

(lines 17-18) to explain that

(A) most decisions involve seven steps

(B) human mental capacity has limitations

(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions

(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice

8. The word "succinct "in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) creative

(B) satisfactory

(C) personal

(D) concise

9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) Proponents (line 5)

(B) Optimal (line 5)

(C) Variables (line 17)

(D) Long-range goals (line 25)

10. The word "it" in line 24 refers to

(A) worksheet

(B) problem

(C) distinction

(D) decision

11. The word "revise" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) ask

(B) explain

(C) change

(D) predict

託福閱讀答案：

ADADCABDBB C

託福閱讀之心理學知識

1.認知

在託福聽力中認知類文章首先會提出一種現象，然後分析這種現象產生的原因。一般情況下通過舉例子等方法進行分析。例如，

TPO10 lecture 4關於兒童健忘症的兩種解釋。一種是兒童在3歲之前的階段確實也形成了記憶，但是在我們長大的過程中就慢慢遺忘了;另一種是3歲以下的孩子缺乏記憶認知能力。

TPO15 lecture 1做事情時的精力分散和怎麼集中精力做事情。首先講的分散精力的一種遺忘;以電腦上敲字母爲例子，後來又舉分辨字母大小寫的例子，講到大腦區域的一部分V5與注意力的關係。

2.條件反射

一般情況下，這類文章會根據一個例子，然後提出假設，接着用實驗驗證假設，最後得出結論，考生可以分析文章的假設的觀點，實驗的方法以及結論，這三部分加深對文章的理解。

TPO14 lecture 1舉了一個關於單詞的例子解釋了認識能力，記憶力和想象力，這些都是引導我們熟悉某事物並相信其存在的內在精神過程。每一個過程都有其侷限性，可能會讓我們產生錯誤的新年或做出錯誤的預測。

TPO2 lecture 1肌肉運動規律反應出我們的想法。約翰沃森認爲喉部的運動是我們思想的符號。這是因爲我們

解決問題的時候喉部肌肉運動增加。威廉詹姆斯認爲人們都有自己意識不到的動作和活動，但是這些結論都是不確定的。

心理學高頻詞彙

psychology n. 心理學;心理狀態

behaviorism n. 行爲主義

muscular adj. 肌肉的;肌肉發達的;強健的

amnesia n. 健忘症，[內科] 記憶缺失

cognitive adj. 認知的，認識的

psychology n. 心理學;心理狀態

infants n. 嬰兒(infant的複數);嬰幼兒

cognitive adj. 認知的，認識的

distraction n. 注意力分散;消遣;心煩意亂

心理學家從事基礎研究的目的是描述、解釋、預測和影響行爲。應用心理學家還有第五個目的--提高人類生活的質量。這些目標構成了心理學事業的基礎。

心理學符號的含義：符號在希臘語裏是靈魂的意思，後來變成英文psyche。

託福閱讀|心理學專業核心詞彙及真題梳理