雙語閱讀：用心理學來自我認識

How well do you know yourself? It’s a question many of us struggle with, as we try to figure out how close we are to who we actually want to be. In a new report in Perspectives on Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, psychologist Timothy D. Wilson from the University of Virginia describes theories behind self-knowledge (that is, how people form beliefs about themselves), cites challenges psychologists encounter while studying it, and offers ways we can get to know ourselves a little better.
　　The study of self-knowledge has tended to focus on how accurate we are at determining our own internal states, such as our emotions, personality, and attitudes. However, Wilson notes that self-knowledge can be broadened to include memory, like recalling how we felt in the past, and prospection, predicting how we will feel in the future. Knowing who we were and who we will be are as important to self-knowledge as knowing who we are in the present. And while a number of researchers are conducting studies that are applicable to those various facets of self-knowledge, Wilson observes that there is not much communication between them, one reason this field is challenging to investigate.
　　Although it can be fairly simple to assess how people’s attitudes change over time--that is, have them predict how they will feel at certain time and then actually measure their feelings at that time-- it is more difficult to measure people’s current self-knowledge accurately. Some methods of acquiring accurate information on a person’s feelings or their personality are to compare reports from their peers and study their nonverbal behavior. However, Wilson has "great faith in the methodological creativity" of his "fellow social psychologists" and is confident that questions raised by these types of experiments will be answered in the next few years.
　　Although Wilson acknowledges all the interesting findings that have come out of new technologies, such as fMRI, he cautions that those type of studies may not be very relevant to studying issues associated with self-knowledge.
　　There are a number of theories that aim to describe self-knowledge by a dual-process model, pitting the unconscious against the conscious. Wilson notes that these theories are pessimistic in that they view the unconscious as something that cannot be breached. However, he remarks that "self-knowledge is less a matter of careful introspection than of becoming an excellent observer of oneself."
　　Wilson suggests some ways that can help us learn more about ourselves, such as really attempting to be objective when considering our behaviors and trying to see ourselves through the eyes of other people. Another way of knowing ourselves better is to become more aware of findings from psychological science. Wilson concludes, "Most of us pay attention to medical findings that inform us about our bodies (e.g., that smoking tobacco is harmful), and can learn about our psychological selves in the same way."
　　我們到底有多瞭解自己？當我們試圖弄清“我是誰”和“我想成爲誰”之間的距離時，這就成爲我們許多人時常糾結的問題。美國弗吉尼亞大學心理學家蒂莫西·威爾遜在《心理科學透視》（心理學科協會期刊）上發表一份新的報告，其將自我認識原理概述爲自我信念的形成過程，並列舉心理學家在這一領域的研究中遇到的挑戰，以及提及一些進一步瞭解自我的方法。
　　自我認知的研究重點放在對內在自我狀況的確定感上，比如，我們的情感，人格以及態度。而威爾遜同時也指出，自我認知可以延展到記憶以及自我預期方面，比如回憶過往的自我感受，和預測我們未來的感受。瞭解過去的自己以及預期的自己與瞭解現在的自己，對研究自我認知來說是同等重要的。雖然，現在有一些研?a href="">咳嗽倍隕鮮黽父齜矯娼辛擻τ醚芯浚分賦鏊侵涿揮卸嗌俳渙鰨湓蛑皇欽庖渙煊蜓芯康韃槭瞧木哂刑糉叫緣摹?br />　　雖然，通過使被試預測他們未來某時的感來源：考試大受並實際測量他們正在那時的心情，就能相當簡單的評估人的態度是如何隨時間不斷變化的。但對人們當前對自我認知的精確測量卻是較困難的。爲了獲取被試感受和人格方面的準確信息，研究人員運用了將其報告與其同伴報告對比以及非語言行爲等研究方法。不過，老威對其“ 同道的社會心理家”在“方法創新方面”有“足夠的信心”，其相信這類研究中的一些疑問和困難將在未來幾年內得到解答。
　　儘管威爾遜承認幾乎所有有趣的發現都是通過新技術找到，如功能磁共振成像(fMRI)，但他提醒到，這類研究不一定同自我認知的研究相關。
　　現在有很多的理論旨在通過雙重加工模型解釋自我認知，更側重於無意識。威爾遜指出，這些理論是悲觀的，因爲他們把無意識當做是不能被違背的東西。他說，“自我認識最重要的是做一個出色的自我觀察者而不是一個細心的內省者。”
　　爲了幫助我們進一步瞭解自己，老威提供了一些建議。比如，在審慎我們自己的行爲時做到儘量客觀，並嘗試用他人的視角來看待自己。另一條瞭解的自己的途徑是，關注心理學科的發現和研究成果。老威總結到：“我們大多數人都很關心醫學上的發現，如吸菸有害健康等。我們也可以用同樣的方式來關注自己的內心。”